Table 1.

Summary of characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

Study name	Sample size	Age	Sampling method	Area	Culture	Include variable	Quality assessment
Andretta and McKay (2020)	3,485	Not report	On-site	Northern Ireland	Eastern	PA, PWB, SE	Medium
Belaire et al. (2024)	534	10 ± 1.018	On-site	United States	Eastern	PA, PWB, PR	Medium
Briki (2018)	501	32.16 ± 10.43	Online	United States	Western	PA, SWB, SE	Medium
Buchecker and Degenhardt (2015)	1,200	Not report	Not report	Switzerland	Western	PA, SWB, PR	High
Cocozza et al. (2020)	1,182	55.73 ± 15.70	On-site	Italy	Western	PA, SWB, PR	Medium
Donizzetti (2023)	1,061	37.3 ± 14.13	Online	Italy	Western	PA, PWB, SE	High
Song (2020)	1794	15.35 ± 2.92	Not report	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, SE, PR	High
Guo and Jiang (2023)	364	26.7 ± 8.1	Not report	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, SE	High
Guo et al. (2024)	1,100	19.65 ± 1.1	Online	China	Eastern	PA, PWB, SE	High
Ho et al. (2015)	779	12.28 ± 0.77	On-site	China	Eastern	PA, PWB, SE, PR	Medium
Lin et al. (2022)	520	68.16 ± 2.25	On-site	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, SE	High
Xi et al. (2024)	2,311	60.79 ± 6.86	Online	China	Eastern	PA, PWB, PR	Medium
Meng et al. (2024)	746	Not report	On-site	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, SE, PR	Medium
Rejeski et al. (2001)	854	Not report	On-site	United States	Western	PA, SWB, SE	High
Van Liew et al. (2013)	363	69 ± 5.6	Not report	United States	Western	PA, WB, SE	Medium
Wang et al. (2022)	826	20.13 ± 1.05	On-site	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, SE	High
Yang and Xiang (2021)	382	Not report	On-site	China	Eastern	PA, PWB, SE	Medium
Yao et al. (2022)	1,510	Not report	On-site	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, SE	Medium
Zhang et al. (2023)	3,143	12.94 ± 1.73	Not report	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, PR	Medium
Zhou and Zhou (2022)	722	Not report	Online	China	Eastern	PA, SWB, PR	Medium

PA = physical activity; SWB = subjective wellbeing; PWB = psychological wellbeing; WB = wellbeing; PR = resilience; SE = self-efficacy.