TABLE 3.
Percent of US workers with estimated exposure by psychosocial hazard and major Census occupation code, 2022.
| Percent of workers,
% |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | White-collar |
Service | Blue-collar |
||||||||
| All | Management, business, financial | Professional | Sales | Office, administrative support | Service | Farming, fishing, forestry | Construction, extraction | Installation, maintenance, repair | Production | Transportation, material moving | |
|
| |||||||||||
| N1 = | 156,114 | 29,298 | 38,598 | 13,885 | 15,922 | 24,413 | 938 | 8387 | 4826 | 8211 | 11,637 |
| Job demand and control exposures | |||||||||||
| High psychological job demands2 | 19.8 | 7.3 | 27.8 | 0.5 | 4.1 | 20.0 | – | 44.3 | 41.6 | 13.0 | 48.4 |
| High time pressure | 43.2 | 42.3 | 30.3 | 45.0 | 58.8 | 15.1 | 4.8 | 77.4 | 50.9 | 81.3 | 72.7 |
| Low job control2 | 28.6 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 18.1 | 34.3 | 63.2 | 82.0 | 58.7 | 0.9 | 58.0 | 75.9 |
| Low/moderate decision impact | 3.3 | – | 5.0 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 7.7 | 82.0 | – | 0.5 | 3.4 | 0.4 |
| Low decision frequency ≤1x/month | 5.0 | – | 6.8 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 13.0 | 77.3 | 0.6 | 8.8 | 5.1 | 0.2 |
| Limited decision freedom | 2.3 | – | – | – | 0.9 | 12.0 | 4.8 | – | – | 3.6 | 1.0 |
| Highly structured work | 2.4 | – | 0.6 | – | 3.3 | 9.7 | 4.8 | 0.3 | – | 3.9 | 2.3 |
| Repetitive tasks | 12.8 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 0.8 | 80.0 | 5.2 | – | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 3.0 |
| Machine pacing | 0.9 | – | – | – | – | – | 10.7 | 0.8 | – | 14.9 | 0.4 |
| High job strain2 | 4.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 0.7 | 3.1 | – | 19.9 | 0.4 | 4.1 | 35.1 |
| Low substantive complexity2 | 27.8 | – | 1.0 | 18.7 | 39.0 | 65.8 | 85.4 | 41.6 | 1.7 | 49.8 | 82.8 |
| Social environment exposures | |||||||||||
| High emotional labor2 | 36.6 | 73.7 | 46.5 | 75.8 | 11.2 | 21 | – | – | – | – | 1.0 |
| Conflict situations ≥1x/week | 4.2 | 7.5 | 6.7 | – | 0.8 | 6.2 | – | – | – | – | 1.3 |
| Deal with unpleasant/angry people ≥1x/week | 10.0 | 6.4 | 17.9 | 0.8 | 20.6 | 13.5 | – | – | – | – | 1.2 |
| Deal with physically aggressive people ≥1x/month | 2.5 | – | 2.8 | – | 0.5 | 11.2 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Highly competitive workplace | 3.8 | 8.5 | 3.0 | 12.1 | – | 2.4 | – | 0.8 | – | – | – |
| Work schedule and wage exposures | |||||||||||
| Irregular work schedule | 13.9 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 20.3 | 0.2 | 21.4 | 88.2 | 46.9 | 20.6 | 0.7 | 23.2 |
| Low-wage occupation | 30.6 | – | 8.8 | 37.5 | 53.0 | 81.6 | 83.7 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 49.8 | 50.0 |
| Long work hours >48 h/week | 12.7 | 20.6 | 10.9 | 13.4 | 6.2 | 7.7 | 17.0 | 13.5 | 15.3 | 13.7 | 14.8 |
Note: For all psychosocial exposures except long work hours, the estimates reflect the percent of workers employed in occupations characterized by exposure to the respective hazards. For long work hours, the estimates reflect the percent of employees exposed to this hazard. A dash indicates that there were no occupations characterized as having exposure to the respective psychosocial hazard within the major Census occupation group.
1
Population size is expressed in thousands.
2
Exposure is constructed from multiple Occupational Information Network (O*NET) elements.