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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2024 Nov 11;61(1):151–167. doi: 10.1037/dev0001849

Table 2.

Summary of frames dropped due to lack of face in frame, away looks, and low-confidence from iCatcher.

% of no-face frames % of away frames % of frames with iCatcher confidence <.85
Tasks (# of trials) Age 6 Age 12 Age 6 Age 12 Age 6 Age 12
Geo-Social Attention (10) 3.4 5.8 9.4 2.6 9.7 9.3
The Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) (6) 4.4 11.7 19.7 14.8 10.2 11.4
Prediction (14) 3.0 8.6 8.4 7.2 21.4 19.6
Audio-Visual Synchrony (8) 3.9 7.7 11.2 7.1 11.7 10.7
Word Comprehension (20) 5.1 5.8 21.6 11.9 9.0 9.8
Numeracy (4) 4.1 4.3 10.2 7.7 5.8 7.5
Helper/Hinderer (2) 7.8 7.3 12.6 10.9 11.3 12.5

% of no-face frames = iCatcher+ was not able to identify a face in the frame (e.g., child’s head was not in view or child was looking back at parent).

% of away frames = iCatcher+ detected a face but gaze was estimated to be off screen.

% of frames with iCatcher confidence <.85 (probability that iCatcher+ prediction of class is correct based on softmax function).