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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2024 Nov 11;61(1):151–167. doi: 10.1037/dev0001849

Table 4.

Summary of results by task and age.

Overall 6 months 12 months Age Effect (12 months vs 6 months)

Tasks Model Estimated Mean (95% CI)1 p1 Model Estimated Mean (95% CI)1 p1 Model Estimated Mean (95% CI)1 p1 Model Estimated Mean Difference (95% CI)2 p2

Geo-Social Attention 0.55 (.50, .61) 0.071 0.51 (0.44, 0.57) 0.819 0.59 (0.53, 0.66) 0.006 0.09 (0.01, 0.16) 0.025
VPC Social (face) trials 0.55 (0.52, 0.58) < 0.001 0.52 (0.49, 0.56) 0.157 0.57 (0.53, 0.61) < 0.001 0.05 (0.00, 0.10) 0.052
VPC Non-social (fribbles) trials 0.54 (0.51, 0.57) 0.004 0.53 (0.49, 0.56) 0.124 0.55 (0.51, 0.59) 0.007 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) 0.343
AV Synchrony Social trials 0.50 (0.47, 0.54) 0.994 0.50 (0.45, 0.55) 0.946 0.50 (0.45, 0.55) 0.956 −0.00 (−0.07, 0.07) 0.931
AV Synchrony Non-social trials 0.51 (0.47, 0.54) 0.617 0.50 (0.45, 0.55) 0.900 0.52 (0.47, 0.57) 0.565 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) 0.746
Prediction Block 1 0.51 (0.39, 0.63) 0.86 0.45 (0.29, 0.61) 0.55 0.57 (0.39, 0.76) 0.45 0.12 (−0.12, 0.36) 0.34
Prediction Block 2 0.68 (0.55, 0.80) 0.01 0.58 (0.42, 0.74) 0.34 0.78 (0.59, 0.97) < 0.001 0.20 (−0.05, 0.45) 0.12
Numeracy 5-item constant stream 0.62 (0.52, 0.73) 0.023 0.56 (0.44, 0.67) 0.354 0.69 (0.52, 0.86) 0.027 0.134 (−0.06, 0.33) 0.183
Numeracy 20-item constant 0.57 (0.50, 0.64) 0.062 0.54 (0.45, 0.63) 0.414 0.60 (0.50, 0.70) 0.044 0.06 (−0.06, 0.18) 0.328
Helper/Hinderer 0.52 (0.47, 0.56) 0.503 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) 0.329 0.50 (0.44, 0.56) 0.99 −0.03 (−0.12, 0.06) 0.492
Word comprehension 0 (−0.07, 0.07) 0.999 −0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) 0.191 0.05 (−0.04, 0.14) 0.235 0.11 (0.00, 0.22) 0.044
1

H0 = 50.0

2

H0 = 0.0

CI = Confidence Interval