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. 2025 Aug 8;13:1555449. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1555449

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Copyright © 2025 Nawaz, Ullah, Ali, Rab, Ahmad, Baloch, Chaman, Shah and Amin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microtiter plate with wells containing different bacterial cultures labeled: E. coli, Pseudomonas, K.P, and S. aureus. Wells exhibit color variations from blue to pink, indicating microbial growth or reactions. — Minimum inhibitory concentration of the cinnamon essential oil against different resistant bacterial strains.