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. 2025 Aug 8;13:1555449. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1555449

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Copyright © 2025 Nawaz, Ullah, Ali, Rab, Ahmad, Baloch, Chaman, Shah and Amin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three 3D surface plots show the effects of different variables on particle size. The top left plot depicts polymer vs. surfactant concentration. The top right plot shows polymer concentration vs. stirring speed. The bottom plot illustrates stirring speed vs. surfactant concentration. All plots use color gradients to indicate changes in particle size on the z-axis. — 3D presentation of the effect of independent factors on the particle size.