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. 2025 Aug 8;16:1618472. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2025.1618472

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Liang, Yu, Tang, Wu, Zeng and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphs display AUC and AUPR values across different parameters. (a) AUC remains stable, while AUPR varies between 0.61 and 0.65. (b) AUC is steady, AUPR peaks at 0.63, then declines. (c) AUC is consistent, AUPR ranges from 0.61 to 0.68. (d) AUC is constant around 9.8, AUPR fluctuates slightly around 6.3. — AUC and AUPR values on different parameter sensitivity analysis. (A) The AUC and AUPR values on different $l_{1}$ , (B) The AUC and AUPR values on different $φ$ , (C) The AUC and AUPR values on different $l_{2}$ ,(D) The AUC and AUPR values on different ρ.