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. 2025 Aug 8;12:1578594. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1578594

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© 2025 Murphy, Le, Fedorova, Yang, Krause-Hauch, Davitt, Zoungrana, Fatmi, Lesnefsky, Li and Ren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Excessive oxidative stress and provoked cellular proinflammatory signaling in 5XFAD heart and brain. (A) MitoSox staining showed increased superoxide accumulation in the heart of 5XFAD (6 months) mice vs. WT (6 months) mice. Biological replicates N = 3 for each group. For each mouse, we collected 3–4 tissue sections for superoxide accumulation measurement and averaged the results to obtain a single value per mouse. P-value determined by two-tailed students t-test. (B) MitoSox staining showed increased superoxide accumulation in the hippocampus and cortex of 5XFAD (6 months) mice vs. WT (6 months) mice. Biological replicates N = 3 for each group. For each mouse, we collected 3–4 tissue sections for superoxide accumulation measurement and averaged the results to obtain a single value per mouse. P-value determined by two-tailed students t-test.