Table 4. Iodine nutrition status in Türkiye: summary of key studies on urinary iodine concentrations of vulnerable populations .
|
Authors |
Study year |
Study area |
Target population |
Number of subjects |
Use of iodized salt |
Use of iodine supplement |
Median UIC (µg/L) |
Reference range of UIC |
Prevalence of iodine deficiency |
|
Yordam et al. (33) |
1997 |
Yahyalı Ankara |
5-24 years 6-15 years |
232 2155 |
None |
None |
15.7 62.7 |
100-199 |
NA |
|
Erdoğan et al. (34) |
1997 |
Black Sea and Ankara |
SAC 9-11 years |
1226 |
None |
None |
21 (14 to 30) |
100-199 |
95% |
|
Erdoğan et al. (35) |
1997-1999 |
Türkiye (20 cities) |
SAC 9-11 years |
5948 |
None |
None |
36 (14 to 78) |
100-199 |
NA |
|
Kurtoglu et al. (36) |
2003 |
Kayseri |
Mothers† Newborns |
70 70 |
NA |
NA |
30.2 23.8 |
100-199 |
90% 100% |
|
Kut et al. (38) |
2006 |
Adana |
Pregnant w. |
141 |
95% |
None |
149.7 |
150-249 |
50% |
|
Erdoğan et al. (39) |
2007 |
Türkiye (30 cities) |
SAC 6-14 years |
900 |
73%‡ |
None |
107 (21 to 338) |
100-199 |
47% |
|
Egri et al. (40) |
2007 |
Malatya |
Pregnant w. |
824 |
43% |
None |
72.3 |
150-249 |
99% |
|
Oguz Kutlu and Kara (25) |
2008 |
Ankara |
Pregnant w. |
168 |
80% |
None |
80.5 |
150-249 |
73% |
|
Yaman et al. (26) |
2012 |
Zonguldak |
Mothers* Newborns |
116 116 |
99% |
None |
84 279* |
100-199 |
57% 10%* |
|
Celik et al. (41) |
2013 |
Edirne |
Pregnant w. |
275 |
97% |
None |
77 |
150-249 |
88% |
|
Oral et al. (42) |
2014 |
İstanbul |
Pregnant w. |
3487 |
69% |
None |
73 |
150-249 |
91% |
|
Anaforoğlu et al. (43) |
2015 |
Trabzon |
Pregnant w. |
864 |
91% |
None |
102 |
150-249 |
78% |
|
Çelmeli et al. (44) |
2015 |
Antalya |
SAC 6-14 years |
1594 |
NA |
NA |
174.7 |
100-199 |
19% |
|
Vural et al. (28) |
2018 2020 |
Türkiye All regions |
Pregnant w. Newborns |
1444 1444 |
89% |
5.5% |
94 96 |
150-249 100-199 |
74% 51% |
†The median iodine content of breast-milk was 73 μg/L, with 72.9% for the values <100 μg/L. All women delivered spontaneously and had no iodine exposure.
‡Of the 900 household salt samples; 73.5% were iodized, and 56.5% had adequate iodine content (>15 ppm).
*79.3% of the deliveries were caesarean sections (C/S). Iodine-containing antiseptic was used before C/S and normal delivery. Iodine excess (UIC ≥200 µg/L) was 61%.
NA: not available, SAC: school-age children, UIC: urinary iodine concentration, w.: women