Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of participants.

	2017 WAVE (N = 2,168)			2020 WAVE (N = 3,088)			2022 WAVE (N = 4,802)
	MEAN	SD	N	MEAN	SD	N	MEAN	SD	N
Age	65.9100	11.3297	2168	69.4090	11.3482	3088	66.7791	11.4521	4802
Gender (Male = 1; Female = 0)	0.4515	0.4978	2168	0.4061	0.4912	3088	0.3813	0.4858	4802
Married (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.6752	0.4684	2168	0.5852	0.4928	3088	0.5796	0.4937	4802
Working (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.3904	0.4880	2168	0.3277	0.4695	3088	0.4640	0.4988	4802
Years of education	6.8080	2.8391	2168	6.5855	2.7680	3088	7.2422	3.0787	4802
Religion
No religion (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.0000	0.0000	2168	0.0006	0.0254	3088	0.0002	0.0144	4802
Buddhist (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.9180	0.2741	2168	0.9129	0.2820	3088	0.9263	0.2613	4802
Christian (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.0020	0.0479	2168	0.0039	0.0622	3088	0.0050	0.0705	4802
Muslims (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.0790	0.2705	2168	0.0823	0.2748	3088	0.0660	0.2483	4802
Other (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.0000	0.0000	2168	0.0003	0.0180	3088	0.0025	0.0499	4802
Living alone (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.2384	0.4262	2168	0.1308	0.3373	3088	0.1143	0.3182	4802
Urban residents (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.4851	0.4999	2168	0.4812	0.4997	3088	0.5702	0.4951	4802
Smoking (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.1410	0.3481	2168	0.1069	0.3090	3088	0.1056	0.3073	4802
Drinking (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.2030	0.4023	2168	0.1253	0.3311	3088	0.1808	0.3849	4802
Exercise (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.5526	0.4973	2168	0.5097	0.5000	3088	0.5092	0.5000	4802
Medical examination (Yes = 1; No = 0)	0.5613	0.4963	2168	0.5946	0.4911	3088	0.4536	0.4979	4802
Logarithm of family assets	12.7929	1.6424	2168	7.2202	6.3240	3088	4.1983	5.9692	4802
Logarithm of GDP per capita	11.8638	0.4507	2168	11.9013	0.5056	3088	11.9950	0.5409	4802
Vegetation cover (NVDI)	0.6409	0.0900	2168	0.5862	0.0925	3088	0.6188	0.0079	4802

Note: SD = standard deviation. GDP = gross domestic product. NVDI = normalized difference vegetation index.