Table 2.
EFA (Sample 1) and CFA (Sample 2) Results.
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| EFA results | CFA RESULTS | |||||
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| FACTOR LOADINGS | COMMUNALITIES | FACTOR LOADINGS | ||||
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| NOQ ITEMS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
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| Factor 1: Competitiveness | ||||||
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| (S) I think that competition is inevitable | 0.69 | –0.04 | 0.09 | –0.05 | 0.45 | 0.55 |
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| Competition is what allows society to be efficient | 0.69 | 0.06 | –0.01 | 0.11 | 0.60 | 0.84 |
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| (S) Competition is the best way to spot talented people | 0.83 | –0.03 | –0.02 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.80 |
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| (S) Competition is the best way to encourage us to do our best | 0.77 | 0.04 | 0.02 | –0.04 | 0.60 | 0.81 |
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| (X-) We need more competitiveness in society | 0.50 | 0.03 | –0.08 | 0.24 | 0.43 | – |
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| Factor 2: Individual self-regulation | ||||||
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| It is only because we lack courage or self-confidence that we do not seize the opportunities offered to us | –0.04 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.60 |
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| With proper planning, all our goals are achievable | –0.01 | 0.60 | –0.04 | 0.12 | 0.38 | 0.66 |
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| The secret of success is to know yourself well | 0.09 | 0.48 | 0.15 | –0.20 | 0.31 | 0.64 |
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| When you encounter difficulties, the first thing to do is to question yourself | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.16 | –0.08 | 0.24 | 0.42 |
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| (S) It is mainly by working on ourselves that we can change the circumstances of our lives | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.67 |
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| (S) With the right kind of motivation you can do anything | 0.04 | 0.70 | –0.03 | –0.04 | 0.49 | 0.72 |
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| There is always something positive to be gained from any situation, even the worst | –0.06 | 0.51 | 0.05 | –0.09 | 0.25 | 0.52 |
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| (S) We can find solutions to all of the obstacles we encounter in life | –0.05 | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.63 |
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| Rather than trying to change society, everyone should work on themselves | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.52 |
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| To be happy, we simply need to focus on the positive | 0.04 | 0.49 | –0.03 | –0.08 | 0.24 | 0.50 |
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| When we are not going well, we only need to change our perspective on the situation to feel better | 0.00 | 0.54 | –0.15 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.60 |
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| (X-) It is up to each person to adapt to all situations | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.30 | – |
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| Factor 3: Relational detachment | ||||||
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| When a relationship does not benefit me, I prefer to put an end to it | 0.05 | 00 | 0.53 | –0.05 | 0.28 | 0.43 |
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| Depending on others makes us vulnerable | 0.19 | –0.01 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.54 |
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| (S) It is important not to depend on other people | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.50 | –0.03 | 0.32 | 0.67 |
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| (S) When people hold us back from our goals, it’s best to let them go | –0.02 | 0.03 | 0.71 | 0.10 | 0.56 | 0.53 |
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| It is better to part with people who waste our time | 0.00 | –0.05 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.53 | 0.55 |
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| (S) We should do more to make our own personal choices without being influenced by other people | –0.05 | 0.23 | 0.47 | –0.17 | 0.32 | 0.57 |
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| Factor 4: Public divestment | ||||||
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| (S) Lowering taxes for the wealthiest allows them to invest and therefore to create wealth for all | 0.12 | 0.12 | –0.08 | 0.47 | 0.32 | 0.60 |
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| A public service like Pôle Emploi* should be managed by a private company rather than by the State | –0.01 | –0.04 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.52 |
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| The State must let business owners manage their companies as they wish | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.29 | 0.50 |
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| Ensuring that everyone has the same economic resources is not the responsibility of the State | 0.17 | 0.19 | –0.08 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.61 |
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| The State must guarantee the freedom of citizens rather than equality between citizens | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.46 |
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| The State should spend less money on public services | –0.01 | –0.05 | 0.03 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 0.63 |
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| Reducing France’s debt must be a top priority | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.44 |
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| (S) Helping people in difficulty is the job of non-profit organizations, not the government | 0.06 | 0.07 | –0.05 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 0.59 |
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| (S) Privatizing public services would make them more efficient | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.58 |
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| Pct. of variance explained | ||||||
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| 9% | 11% | 7% | 10% | |||
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Note: Items preceded by ‘(X-)’ were removed during the CFA. The items were originally presented in French for Samples 1–3; we translated them for the purpose of this article and so that the NOQ could be administered to English speakers. Items preceded by ‘(S)’ were those selected for the NOQ-S in Sample 4 and administered in English.
* Pôle emploi is a French public agency which registers unemployed people, helps them find jobs, and provides them with financial aid.