Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of LARC patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy from 10 included studies

References and year	Country	Sample size		Neoadjuvant therapy		Operation method
		nCT	nCRT	nCT	nCRT	nCT	nCRT
Deng.2016/2019[9,26]	China	152	290	mFOLFOX6† × 4–6 cycles	mFOLFOX6† × 4–6 cycles/de Gramont × 5 cycles; 46.0–50.4 Gy	TME	TME
					23–28 fractions/5–6 weeks
Mei.2023[27]	China	272	261	CAPOX × 4 cycles	capecitabine†; 50 Gy	TME	TME
					25 fractions/5 weeks
Rouanet.2017[28]	France	10	120	FOLFIRINOX × 4 cycles	capecitabine††; 44 Gy	TME	TME
					25 fractions/5 weeks
Schrag.2023[19]	America	585	543	mFOLFOX6 × 6 cycles	5-FU/capecitabine†††	APR, LAR	APR, LAR
Sun.2019[29]	China	88	132	mFOLFOX6	mFOLFOX6 × 4–6 cycles/5-FU† × 5 cycles; 46.0–50.4 Gy	TME	TME
					23–28 fractions/5–6 weeks
Xie.2021[30]	China	94	159	mFOLFOX6 × 4–6 cycles	mFOLFOX6/5-FU†; 46.0–50.4 Gy	TME	TME
					23–28 fractions/5–6 weeks

de Gramont, leucovorin 400 mg/m² intravenously followed by fluorouracil 400 mg/m² intravenously and fluorouracil 2.4 g/m² by 48 hours continuous intravenous infusion; mFOLFOX6†, de Gramont × 5 cycles plus oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² intravenously on day 1 of each chemotherapy cycle; CAPOX, oxaliplatin 130 mg/m² IV day 1 and capecitabine 1000 mg/m² twice daily for 14 d; capecitabine†, 825 mg/m² twice daily administered orally and concurrently with radiation; 5-FU, 225 mg/m² of body surface area per day; 5-FU†, 400 mg/m² IV bolus followed by a 46 hours continuous infusion; FOLFOX, 2 hours oxaliplatin infusion at a dose of 85 mg/m² with concurrent IV infusion of leucovorin 400 mg/m² followed by 5-FU given, as described above (5-FU†), every 2 weeks; FOLFIRINOX, 180 mg/m² irinotecan, 85 mg/m²oxaliplatin, 200 mg/m² elvorin, and 5-fluorouracil (400 mg/m² bolus followed by 2400 mg/m² continuous infusion for 46 hours) delivered over 8 weeks (day 1 = day 15); capecitabine††, 1600 mg/m² daily in two identical doses taken during the radiotherapy days; capecitabine†††, 825 mg/m² twice daily, 5 days per week on days of radiation therapy.