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. 2025 Feb 4;111(3):2708–2721. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000002268

Table 1.

The characteristics of each included studies for meta-analysis

Study ID Study design Country Age (mean ± sd), range Operation Sample size Follow-up time Total duration Male Intervention components
Aronov, et al (2019) Single-center RCT Russia I: 58.6 ± 7.0 CABG 36 12 months 10 months 100% Exercise + Education
C: 55.9 ± 7.0
Bubnova and Aronov (2020) Single-center RCT Russia I: 51.9 ± 7.9 PCI 312 12 months 1 year 93.6% Exercise
C: 51.7 ± 6.8
Carlsson (1998) Single-center RCT Sweden I: 62.7 ± 4.8 CABG 235 1 year 2 to 3 months NR Exercise + Education
C: 59.8 ± 4.8 PCI
Chaves, et al (2019) Single-center RCT Brazil I: 59 ± 9.9 PCI 115 12 months 6 months 71.80% Exercise + Education
C: 60.7 ± 8.8 CABG
Dorje, et al (2019) Single-center RCT China I: 61.9 ± 8.7 PCI 312 12 months 6 months 81% Exercise + Education
C: 59.1 ± 9.4
Engblom, et al (1996) Single-center RCT Finland I: 54.1 ± 5.9 CABG 228 5 years 3 weeks 88% Exercise + Education
C: 54.3 ± 6.2
Fletcher, et al (1994) Single-center RCT USA I: 62 ± 8 CABG 88 6 months 6 months 100% Exercise + Education
C: 63 ± 7 PCI
Haskell, et al (1994) Multicenter RCT USA I: 58.3 ± 9.2 CABG 300 4 years NR 86% Exercise + Education
C: 56.2 ± 8.2 PCI
Hassan and Nahas (2016) Single-center RCT Egypt I: 52.6 ± 5 PCI 60 12 months 6 months 70% Exercise + Education
C: 53.8 ± 5
He, et al (2020) Single-center RCT China I: 60.6 ± 12.7 PCI 524 3 years 3 years 45.8% Exercise
C: 60.9 ± 12.9
Higgins, et al (2001) Single-center RCT Australia I: 48 (31 ‒ 63) PCI 105 51 weeks NR 83% Exercise + Psychological + Education
C: 47(26‒ 63)
Ma, et al (2020) Single-center RCT China I: 63.1 ± 9.7 CABG 300 36 months 12 months 80.70% Exercise + Education + Psychological nursing
C: 62.8 ± 10.7
Munk, et al (2009) Single-center RCT Norway I: 57 ± 14 PCI 40 6 months 6 months 21% Exercise
C: 61 ± 10
Mutwalli, et al (2012) Single-center RCT Kingdom of Saudi Arabia I: 56.8 (53.6 ‒ 59.8) CABG 49 6 months 6 months 100% Exercise + Education
C: 57.22 (54.4 ‒ 60.2)
Oerkild, et al (2012) Single-center RCT Denmark I: 77.3 ± 6.0 PCI 40 12 months 12 months 63.20% Exercise + Education
C: 76.5 ± 7.7 CABG
Pomeshkina, et al (2019) Single-center RCT Russia I: 56.9 ± 4.7 CABG 114 12 months NR 100% Exercise
C: 57.1 ± 4.8
Reid, et al (2012) Multi-center RCT Canada I: 56.7 ± 9.0 PCI 223 12 months 20 weeks 82.60% Exercise + Psychological support
C: 56.0 ± 9.0
Seki, et al (2003) Single-center RCT Japan I: 69.3 ± 2.9 PCI 38 6 months 6 months 100% Exercise + Education
C: 70.1 ± 3.7 CABG
Snoek, et al (2020) Multi-center RCT Europe I: 72.4 ± 5.4 PCI 179 12 months 6 months 78% Exercise + Education
C: 73.6 ± 5.5 CABG
Toobert, et al (2000) Single-center RCT USA I: 64 ± 10 PCI 25 24 months 24 months 0% Exercise + Education + Psychological support
C: 63 ± 11 CABG
Uddin, et al (2020) Single-center RCT Bangladesh I: 54 ± 6 CABG 142 12 months 12 months 93% Exercise + Education
C: 55 ± 6
Xu, et al (2017) Single-center RCT China I: 56.4 ± 8.1 PCI 130 6 months 3 months 79% Exercise
C: 58.6 ± 8
Yu, et al (2003) Single-center RCT China I: 62.3 ± 11.2 PCI 112 2 years 8 months 82% Exercise + Education
C: 61.2 ± 10.2
Yu, et al (2004) Single-center RCT China I: 64 ± 11 PCI 269 2 years 8 months 76% Exercise + Education
C: 64 ± 11
Zhang, et al (2018) Single-center RCT China I: 70.3 ± 10.7 PCI 130 6 months 12 months 90.8% Exercise
C: 69.8 ± 10.4

CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; C, controlling, I, intervention; NR, no report; PCI, percutaneous coronary interventions; sd, standard deviation.