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. 2025 Feb 4;111(3):2546–2557. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000002223

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Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even for commercial purposes, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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Figure 2. — Preoperative informed consent process. (A, B) Two examples of ChatGPT4.0 (Chinese version) responding to patient questions; (C) Patients in the ChatGPT group receiving preoperative informed consent; (D) Patients in the control group receiving preoperative informed consent.