Table 1.
Key studies on localization techniques for small pulmonary nodules
| Technique | Author, year | Study design | Sample size | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hook-wire | Xu et al, 2021 | Retrospective | 161 patients | 97.6% successful placement; 1.9% reported pain |
| Zhang et al, 2022 | Comparative | 74 patients | Higher complication risk compared to medical glue | |
| Anchored Needle | Li et al, 2022 | Retrospective | 93 patients with 107 nodules | 99.1% successful localization; 0% dislodgement rate; lower pain scores (VAS 3.1) |
| Zhou et al, 2024 | Comparative | 191 patients | Superior to hook-wire: no dislodgement, less pain, comparable complication rates | |
| Microcoil | Park et al, 2017 | Meta-analysis | 46 studies | 97-98% success rate; lower complication rates than hook-wire |
| Mayo et al, 2009 | Prospective | 69 patients | 97% success rate; 3% required chest tube for pneumothorax | |
| Dye Localization (Methylene Blue) | Stephenson et al, 2015 | Retrospective | 30 patients | 100% success rate; no complications |
| Chu et al, 2022 | Comparative | 219 patients | Shorter hospitalization and fewer complications than hook-wire | |
| Dye Localization (Indocyanine Green) | Anayama et al, 2015 | Prospective | 18 patients | 100% successful localization; no adverse events |
| Lipiodol | Mogi et al, 2015 | Retrospective | 56 patients | 98.2% successful VATS resection; 37.5% asymptomatic pneumothorax |
| Lee et al, 2022 | Prospective | 57 patients | High success rate with indigo carmine and lipiodol mixture | |
| Medical Adhesive | Yao et al, 2019 | Prospective | 74 patients | 100% success rate; low complication rates |
| Zhang et al, 2022 | Comparative | 84 patients | Lower complication rates compared to hook-wire | |
| Ultrasound-guided | Khereba et al, 2012 | Prospective | 65 patients | 93% successful localization |
| Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy | Marino et al, 2019 | Prospective | 93 patients | 97.2% successful localization |
| Hybrid OR Approach | Chao et al, 2018 | Prospective randomized | 65 patients | Comparable efficacy to conventional CT-guided; improved workflow |
| Yu et al, 2022 | Prospective | 27 patients | 100% success rate with new intraoperative technique | |
| Robotic-Assisted | Beqari et al, 2024 | Comparative | 90 patients | Improved accuracy with “sandwich marking technique” |