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. 2025 Jan 24;111(3):2385–2397. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000002260

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Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Global and regional proportion of age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their subtypes in 2021. Risk factors for each NCD subtype at a specific location are ranked left to right in decreasing order, with the leading risk factor labeled by its DALY percentage. X-axis labels (NCD subtypes) are ordered from left to right by descending global age-standardized DALYs in 2021. Y-axis labels (regions) are ordered bottom to top by decreasing NCD age-standardized DALYs in 2021. NCDs: Non-communicable diseases; DALYs: Disability-adjusted life years.