. 2025 Jan 24;111(3):2467–2477. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000002228

Table 3.

Association between lung function and white matter micro-structure parameters

Composite lung function	Fractional anisotropy (FA)				Mean diffusivity (MD)
	gFA	Association fibers	Commissural fibers	Projection fibers	gMD	Association fibers	Commissural fibers	Projection fibers
	β (95% CI)^*	β (95% CI)^*	β (95% CI)^*	β (95% CI)^*	β (95% CI)^*	β (95% CI)^*	β (95% CI)^*	β (95% CI)^*
Cross-sectional analysis
Continuous	0.096^a	0.092^a	0.111^a	0.047^a	−0.095^a	−0.083^a	−0.130^a	−0.045^a
Continuous	(0.078 to 0.113)	(0.074 to 0.109)	(0.094 to 0.129)	(0.030 to 0.065)	(−0.112 to −0.079)	(−0.100 to −0.066)	(−0.146 to −0.115)	(−0.062 to −0.027)
Categories
High	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Moderate	−0.089^a	−0.090^a	−0.101	−0.042^a	0.089^a	0.081^a	0.118^a	0.025
Moderate	(−0.117 to −0.061)	(−0.119 to −0.062)	(−0.129 to −0.074)	(−0.070 to −0.014)	(0.062 to 0.115)	(0.054 to 0.108)	(0.093 to 0.143)	(−0.002 to 0.053)
Low	−0.164^a	−0.157^a	−0.188^a	−0.105^a	0.168^a	0.148^a	0.224^a	0.075^a
Low	(−0.194 to −0.134)	(−0.187 to −0.127)	(−0.218 to −0.158)	(−0.135 to −0.075)	(0.139 to 0.196)	(0.119 to 0.177)	(0.197 to 0.250)	(0.045 to 0.105)
Longitudinal analysis (lung function × time)
Continuous	0.003	0.004	0.008	0.026	−0.030^a	−0.026^a	−0.031^a	−0.061^a
Continuous	(−0.008 to 0.014)	(−0.008 to 0.015)	(−0.006 to 0.022)	(0.008 to 0.045)	(−0.043 to −0.017)	(−0.039 to −0.014)	(−0.045 to −0.016)	(−0.085 to −0.038)
Categories
High	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Moderate	−0.025	−0.023	−0.030	−0.010	0.057^a	0.050^a	0.068^a	0.056^a
Moderate	(−0.051 to 0.001)	(−0.050 to 0.004)	(−0.063 to 0.002)	(−0.054 to 0.034)	(0.026 to 0.087)	(0.021 to 0.080)	(0.033 to 0.102)	(0.002 to 0.110)
Low	−0.058^a	−0.059^a	−0.042^a	0.001	0.118^a	0.101^a	0.133^a	0.139^a
Low	(−0.086 to −0.030)	(−0.088 to −0.030)	(−0.077 to −0.008)	(−0.046 to 0.048)	(0.085 to 0.151)	(0.069 to 0.132)	(0.097 to 0.170)	(0.081 to 0.197)

Abbreviations: gFA and gMD (latent factors of white matter fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity).

Model adjusted for age, sex, education, race, Townsend deprivation index, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, social connection, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, APOE ε4, and head position MRI confounds (volumetric data are also corrected for head size). Standardized coefficients (β) and confidence intervals (CI) are reported from regression models.

^{^a}

FDR q < 0.05.