Table 1.
The characteristics of included studies
| First author and publication year | Study design | Study population (VPI or STAS) | Age (average or median) | Sex ratio (female vs. male) | The number of VPI or STAS patients (Seg/SLR/WR vs. lob) | The number of patients receiving adjuvant therapy | Tumor size (median, range) | The 8th edition Lung Cancer TNM Stage | Median follow-up times (months) | Study endpoints |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schuchert 2012 | RS without PSM | VPI | Seg: 70.0 ± 8.6 | 472 vs. 427 | 115 (39 vs. 76) | NR | seg:2.0 (1.5–2.8) cm; | pT1a-cN0M0 | 37 | RFS |
| Lob: 68.4 ± 10.1 | lob:2.5 (1.8–3.0) cm | |||||||||
| Mathey-Andrews 2024 | RS with PSM | VPI | seg:70.0 (62–76) | 1569 vs. 999 | 2227 (147 vs. 2080) | Seg:24 Lob:517 | ≤2 cm in size | cT1a-bN0M0 pT2aN0M0 | NR | OS |
| lob:71 (64–75) | ||||||||||
| Lula Lukadi 2023 | RS with PSM | VPI | seg:67 (59–72) | 155 vs. 98 | 253 (62 vs. 191) | Seg:8 Lob:37 | ≤3 cm in size | cT1a-cN0M0 pT2aN0M0 | 41 | RFS, OS |
| lob: 64 (58–71) | ||||||||||
| Kagimoto 2022 | RS with PSM | VPI | seg:69 (66–75) | 106 vs. 215 | 321 (80 vs. 241) | Seg:12 Lob:71 | ≤2 cm in size | cT1a-bN0M0 pT2aN0M0 | 32 | RFS, OS |
| lob:69 (62–75) | ||||||||||
| Kagimoto 2021 | RS with PSM | STAS | seg:69 (64–75) | 128 vs. 165 | 293 (107 vs. 186) | Seg:15 Lob:95 | ≤3 cm in size | cT1a-cN0M0 | 55 | RFS, OS |
| lob:68 (62–75) | ||||||||||
| Ikeda 2023 | RS without PSM | STAS | 69.4 (21–92) | 260 vs. 295 | 148 (17 [Seg] vs. 112 vs. 19[WR]) | 25 | ≤3 cm in size | pT1N0M0 | 60.5 | RFS, OS |
| Huang 2022 | RS with PSM | VPI | 70 (35–96) | 1094 vs. 899 | 1497 (111 [Seg] vs. 1386 vs. 416 [WR]) | 80 | ≤3 cm in size | cT1a-cN0M0 pT2aN0M0 | 33 | OS |
| Altorki 2024 | RCT | VPI | 66.8 (37.8–83.7) | 61 vs. 52 | 113 (57 vs. 56) | None | ≤2 cm in size | cT1a-bN0M0 pT2aN0M0 | 84 | RFS, OS |
| Yu 2020 | RS with PSM | VPI | NA | 809 vs. 577 | 1386 (386 vs 1000) | SLR: 34 Lob:134 | 2 cm in size | cT1a-bN0M0 pT2aN0M0 | 58 | OS |
| Shiono 2018 | RS without PSM | STAS | SLR: 76 (68–80) | 185 vs.329 | 104 (31 vs. 73) | SLR:5 | ≤3 cm in size | pT1a-cN0M0 | 48 | RFS, OS |
| Lob: 50 | ||||||||||
| Lob: 68 (60–74) | ||||||||||
| Yanagawa 2018 | RS without PSM | STAS | NA | 13 vs. 207 | 42 (8 vs. 34) | 11 | ≤3 cm in size | pT1N0M0 | 55.2 | RFS, OS |
| Ren 2019 | RS without PSM | STAS | SLR: 65.9 ± 8.7 | 107 vs. 118 | 225 (43 vs. 182) | None | ≤3 cm in size | pT1a-cN0M0 | NR | RFS, OS |
| Lob: 59.4 ± 8.5 | ||||||||||
| Eguchi 2019 | RS with PSM | STAS | SLR: 70 (64–76) | 938 vs. 559 | 607 (218 vs. 389) | None | ≤3 cm in size | pT1N0M0 | NR | RFS |
| Lob: 69 (61–75) | ||||||||||
| Choi 2020 | RS without PSM | VPI | SLR: 67.5 ± 10.1 | 101 vs. 126 | 170 (21 vs. 149) | None | ≤2 cm in size | cT1a-bN0M0 pT2aN0M0 | 46 | RFS, OS |
| Lob: 66.9 ± 10.8 | ||||||||||
| Kadota 2019 | RS without PSM | STAS | SLR: 71 | 355 vs. 380 | 137 (27 vs. 110) | 11 | ≤3 cm in size | Stage I | 65 | RFS, OS |
| Lob: 67 |
Lob, lobectomy; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; PSM, propensity score matching; RS, retrospective study; Seg, segmentectomy; SLR, sublobar resection; STAS, spread through air spaces; TNM, tumor, node and metastasis; VPI, visceral pleural invasion.