Table 1. Selected sample characteristics by lifetime use of cannabis, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, and alcohol, separately.
| Variables | All participants N=4,031 (100%) |
Cannabis use | Cigarette use | E-cigarette use | Cigar use | Alcohol use | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No n=1,273 (32%) |
Yes n=2,758 (68%) |
No n=2,200 (55%) |
Yes n=1,831 (45%) |
No n=2,063 (51%) |
Yes n=1,968 (49%) |
No n=2,774 (69%) |
Yes n=1,257 (31%) |
No n=599 (15%) |
Yes n=3,432 (85%) |
|||||||
| n (%) or M (SD) |
n (%) or M (SD) |
n (%) or M (SD) |
p | n (%) or M (SD) |
n (%) or M (SD) |
p | n (%) or M (SD) |
n (%) or M (SD) |
p | n (%) or M (SD) |
n (%) or M (SD) |
p | n (%) or M (SD) |
n (%) or M (SD) |
p | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||||||||||
| Age (at W1 survey)* | 26.29 (4.81) | 25.07 (5.00) | 26.85 (4.62) | <.001 | 23.11 (4.81) | 27.69 (4.42) | <.001 | 26.06 (4.98) | 26.53 (4.63) | .002 | 25.60 (4.86) | 27.79 (4.34) | <.001 | 23.94 (4.96) | 26.69 (4.67) | <.001 |
| Sex | .003 | .747 | .574 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||||||
| Female | 2,394 (60) | 708 (30) | 1,686 (70) | 1,314 (55) | 1,080 (45) | 1,239 (52) | 1,155 (48) | 1,785 (75) | 609 (25) | 297 (12) | 2,097 (88) | |||||
| Male | 1,612 (40) | 558 (35) | 1,054 (65) | 871 (54) | 741 (46) | 810 (50) | 802 (50) | 974 (60) | 638 (40) | 298 (18) | 1,314 (82) | |||||
| Sexual orientation | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .020 | <.001 | |||||||||||
| Heterosexual | 2,844 (72) | 999 (35) | 1,845 (65) | 1,593 (56) | 1,251 (44) | 1,527 (53) | 1,317 (46) | 1,946 (68) | 898 (32) | 476 (17) | 2,368 (83) | |||||
| Other orientation | 1,105 (28) | 232 (21) | 873 (79) | 551 (50) | 554 (50) | 480 (43) | 625 (57) | 760 (69) | 345 (31) | 104 (9) | 1,001 (91) | |||||
| Race | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||||||
| White | 2,525 (65) | 793 (31) | 1,732 (69) | 1,310 (52) | 1,215 (48) | 1,266 (50) | 1,259 (50) | 1,691 (67) | 834 (33) | 349 (14) | 2,176 (86) | |||||
| Black | 545 (14) | 109 (20) | 436 (80) | 311 (57) | 234 (43) | 255 (47) | 290 (53) | 357 (66) | 188 (34) | 78 (14) | 467 (86) | |||||
| Asian | 549 (14) | 273 (50) | 276 (50) | 374 (68) | 175 (32) | 346 (63) | 203 (37) | 455 (83) | 94 (17) | 125 (23) | 424 (77) | |||||
| Other | 269 (7) | 53 (20) | 216 (80) | 115 (43) | 154 (57) | 113 (42) | 156 (58) | 171 (64) | 98 (36) | 23 (9) | 246 (91) | |||||
| Ethnicity | .003 | .036 | .028 | .145 | .068 | |||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 3,204 (81) | 1,039 (32) | 2,165 (68) | 1,757 (55) | 1,447 (45) | 1,649 (51) | 1,555 (49) | 2,197 (69) | 1007 (31) | 479 (15) | 2,725 (85) | |||||
| Hispanic | 766 (19) | 208 (27) | 558 (73) | 401 (52) | 365 (48) | 381 (50) | 385 (50) | 528 (69) | 238 (31) | 105 (14) | 661 (86) | |||||
| Parent education | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .054 | |||||||||||
| <bachelor’s | 2,334 (59) | 604 (26) | 1,730 (74) | 1,135 (49) | 1,199 (51) | 1,075 (46) | 1,259 (54) | 1,525 (65) | 809 (35) | 326 (14) | 2,008 (86) | |||||
| ≥bachelor’s | 1,636 (41) | 640 (39) | 996 (61) | 1,019 (62) | 617 (38) | 950 (58) | 686 (42) | 1,198 (73) | 438 (27) | 259 (16) | 1,377 (84) | |||||
| Ruralit^ | .097 | .003 | .028 | .120 | .030 | |||||||||||
| Rural | 844 (21) | 279 (33) | 565 (67) | 419 (50) | 425 (50) | 402 (48) | 442 (52) | 567 (67) | 277 (33) | 141 (17) | 703 (83) | |||||
| Suburban | 1,226 (31) | 397 (32) | 829 (68) | 703 (57) | 523 (43) | 654 (53) | 572 (47) | 863 (70) | 363 (30) | 183 (15) | 1,043 (85) | |||||
| Urban | 1,939 (48) | 586 (30) | 1,353 (70) | 1,063 (55) | 876 (45) | 992 (51) | 947 (49) | 1,325 (68) | 614 (62) | 268 (14) | 1,671 (86) | |||||
| State non-medical cannabis law | .151 | .027 | .013 | .002 | .447 | |||||||||||
| Not legalized | 1988 (49) | 649 (33) | 1339 (67) | 1050 (53) | 938 (47) | 978 (49) | 1010 (51) | 1323 (67) | 665 (33) | 304 (15) | 1684 (85) | |||||
| Legalized | 2043 (51) | 624 (31) | 1419 (69) | 1150 (56) | 893 (44) | 1085 (53) | 958 (47) | 1451 (71) | 592 (29) | 295 (14) | 1748 (86) | |||||
| Lifetime mental health diagnoses | <.001 | |||||||||||||||
| Depression | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||||||||
| No | 2,315 (57) | 902 (39) | 1,413 (61) | 1,401 (61) | 911 (39) | 1,324 (57) | 991 (43) | 1,653 (71) | 662 (29) | 425 (18) | 1,890 (82) | |||||
| Yes | 1,716 (43) | 371 (22) | 1,345 (78) | 796 (46) | 920 (54) | 739 (43) | 977 (57) | 1,121 (65) | 595 (35) | 174 (10) | 1,542 (90) | |||||
| Anxiety | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .001 | <.001 | |||||||||||
| No | 2,202 (55) | 867 (39) | 1,335 (61) | 1,344 (61) | 858 (39) | 1,272 (58) | 930 (42) | 1,566 (71) | 636 (29) | 407 (18) | 1,795 (82) | |||||
| Yes | 1,829 (45) | 406 (22) | 1,423 (78) | 856 (47) | 973 (53) | 791 (43) | 1,038 (57) | 1,208 (66) | 621 (34) | 192 (11) | 1,637 (89) | |||||
| ADD | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .001 | |||||||||||
| No | 3,246 (81) | 1,115 (34) | 2,131 (66) | 1,848 (57) | 1,398 (43) | 1,762 (54) | 1,484( 46) | 2,300 (71) | 946 (29) | 511 (16) | 2,735 (84) | |||||
| Yes | 785 (19) | 158 (20) | 627 (80) | 352 (45) | 433 (55) | 301 (38) | 484 (62) | 474 (60) | 311 (40) | 88 (11) | 697 (89) | |||||
| Personality characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Extraversion | 3.70 (1.56) | 3.50 (1.53) | 2.79 (1.56) | <.001 | 3.57 (1.56) | 3.86 (1.55) | <.001 | 3.58 (1.56) | 3.82 (1.55) | <.001 | 3.60 (1.57) | 3.91 (1.52) | <.001 | 3.58 (1.50) | 3.71 (1.57) | .045 |
| Agreeableness | 4.89 (1.18) | 4.85 (1.18) | 4.91 (1.17) | 0.124 | 4.90 (1.18) | 4.88 (1.17) | 0.632 | 4.92 (1.19) | 4.87 (1.16) | 0.235 | 4.93 (1.18) | 4.83 (1.16) | .012 | 4.84 (1.22) | 4.90 (1.17) | .226 |
| Conscientiousness | 5.10 (1.34) | 5.22 (1.32) | 5.04 (1.35) | <.001 | 5.16 (1.36) | 5.01 (1.31) | <.001 | 5.19 (1.34) | 5.00 (1.34) | <.001 | 5.12 (1.35) | 5.04 (1.32) | .063 | 5.09 (1.39) | 5.10 (1.33) | .880 |
| Emotional stability | 4.10 (1.45) | 4.23 (1.43) | 4.04 (1.45) | <.001 | 4.16 (1.43) | 4.03 (1.47) | .005 | 4.16 (1.44) | 4.03 (1.45) | .004 | 4.07 (1.44) | 4.16 (1.46) | .095 | 4.27 (1.45) | 4.07 (1.45) | .002 |
| Openness to new experiences | 5.14 (1.21) | 4.90 (1.20) | 5.25 (1.20) | <.001 | 5.07 (1.20) | 5.23 (1.23) | <.001 | 5.07 (1.20) | 5.22 (1.23) | <.001 | 5.11 (1.20) | 5.22 (1.25) | .007 | 4.88 (1.22) | 5.19 (1.21) | <.001 |
Notes: *All n (%) except age and depressive symptoms, showing M (SD). Missing values: sex: other/refuse n=25; sexual orientation: refuse n=82; race: refuse n=143; ethnicity: don’t know/refuse n=61; rurality: other n=22; parental education: don’t know n=61. ^ Rural: <10,000 people; suburban/micropolitan: 10,000-49,999 people; urban: ≥50,000 people. The % reported is among those who responded; responses such as “prefer not to answer”, “don’t know”, etc. were excluded from the denominator when reporting the %.