Table 2. Discrete-time survival analysis (DTSA) assessing initiation of cannabis use, based on prior use* of each substance, adjusting for sociodemographic, state non-medical cannabis laws, and psychosocial variables.
| Variables | Cigarettes | E-cigarettes | Cigars | Alcohol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aHR (95% CI) | p | aHR (95% CI) | p | aHR (95% CI) | p | aHR (95% CI) | p | |
| Prior use* (ref: no use) | 3.78 (3.39-4.22) | <.001 | 2.17 (1.86-2.53) | <.001 | 2.90 (2.45-3.43) | <.001 | 3.41 (3.11-3.75) | <.001 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||
| Age (at W1 survey) | 0.93 (0.92-0.94) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.93-0.95) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.93-0.94) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.93-0.94) | <.001 |
| Male (ref: female) | 0.85 (0.78-0.93) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.78-0.93) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.77-0.91) | <.001 | 0.90 (0.82-0.98) | .015 |
| Other sexual orientation (ref: heterosexual) | 1.06 (0.96-1.16) | .244 | 1.10 (1.00-1.20) | .047 | 1.10 (1.00-1.21) | .044 | 0.99 (0.90-1.09) | .857 |
| Race (ref: White) | ||||||||
| Black | 1.22 (1.09-1.37) | .001 | 1.14 (1.02-1.28) | .026 | 1.17 (1.04-1.31) | .009 | 1.17 (1.04-1.31) | .009 |
| Asian | 0.50 (0.44-0.58) | <.001 | 0.49 (0.43-0.56) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.44-0.59) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.44-0.59) | <.001 |
| Other | 1.20 (1.03-1.41) | .020 | 1.17 (1.00-1.36) | .049 | 1.23 (1.05-1.43) | .010 | 1.23 (1.05-1.43) | .010 |
| Hispanic (ref: non-Hispanic) | 0.90 (0.81-1.00) | .056 | 0.90 (0.81-1.00) | .052 | 0.91 (0.82-1.01) | .085 | 0.91 (0.82-1.01) | .085 |
| Parent education ≥bachelor’s (ref: <bachelor’s) | 0.69 (0.64-0.76) | <.001 | 0.66 (0.61-0.72) | <.001 | 0.66 (0.60-0.72) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.44-0.59) | <.001 |
| Rurality (ref: Rural) | ||||||||
| Suburban/micropolitan | 0.91 (0.81-1.01) | .076 | 0.87 (0.78-0.97) | .010 | 0.87 (0.78-0.97) | .011 | 1.17 (1.04-1.31) | .009 |
| Urban | 1.04 (0.94-1.15) | .461 | 1.00 (0.90-1.10) | .948 | 1.01 (0.91-1.11) | .921 | 1.17 (1.04-1.31) | .009 |
| State non-medical cannabis legalized (vs. not) | 1.04 (0.96-1.13) | .351 | 1.02 (0.94-1.11) | .620 | 1.03 (0.95-1.12) | .472 | 1.01 (0.94-1.10) | .719 |
| Lifetime mental health diagnoses | ||||||||
| Depressive disorder (vs. no) | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) | .047 | 1.14 (1.03-1.26) | .015 | 1.14 (1.03-1.26) | .011 | 1.12 (1.01-1.25) | .030 |
| Anxiety disorder (vs. no) | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) | .048 | 1.07 (0.96-1.18) | .204 | 1.10 (0.99-1.21) | .080 | 1.10 (0.99-1.23) | .065 |
| ADD (vs. no) | 1.08 (0.97-1.20) | .152 | 1.07 (0.96-1.19) | .205 | 1.06 (0.95-1.17) | .304 | 1.07 (0.96-1.18) | .226 |
| Personality characteristics | ||||||||
| Extraversion | 1.05 (1.02-1.07) | .001 | 1.05 (1.02-1.08) | .001 | 1.05 (1.02-1.08) | <.001 | 1.06 (1.03-1.09) | <.001 |
| Agreeableness | 0.89 (0.86-0.92) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.84-0.90) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.85-0.91) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.85-0.91) | <.001 |
| Conscientiousness | 0.86 (0.84-0.89) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.83-0.88) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.83-0.88) | <.001 | 0.86 (0.83-0.88) | <.001 |
| Emotional stability | 0.96 (0.93-0.99) | .009 | 0.94 (0.91-0.97) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.91-0.98) | .001 | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | .005 |
| Openness to new experiences | 0.99 (0.95-1.02) | .478 | 1.00 (0.96-1.03) | .792 | 1.00 (0.96-1.03) | .937 | 0.98 (0.94-1.01) | .164 |
Notes: * Prior use defined as ever having used the substance by the age one year earlier (time-lagged predictor). aHR: Adjusted Hazard Ratio adjusted for all the other predictors or covariates in the table.