Table 3. Discrete-time survival analysis (DTSA) assessing initiation of each substance, based on prior cannabis use*, adjusting for sociodemographic, state non-medical cannabis laws, and psychosocial variables.
| Variables | Cigarettes | E-cigarettes | Cigars | Alcohol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aHR (95% CI) | p | aHR (95% CI) | p | aHR (95% CI) | p | aHR (95% CI) | p | |
| Prior cannabis use* (ref: no use) | 3.51 (3.11-3.96) | <.001 | 3.73 (3.34-4.17) | <.001 | 3.66 (3.20-4.18) | <.001 | 3.07 (2.73-3.45) | <.001 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||
| Age (at W1 survey) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | .003 | 0.88 (0.87-0.89) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.95-0.97) | <.001 | 0.95 (0.94-0.96) | <.001 |
| Male (ref: female) | 0.91 (0.82-1.00) | .062 | 1.18 (1.06-1.31) | .002 | 1.63 (1.45-1.84) | <.001 | 0.71 (0.66-0.77) | <.001 |
| Other sexual orientation (ref: heterosexual) | 0.95 (0.85-1.07) | .401 | 1.09 (0.98-1.22) | .113 | 0.81 (0.71-0.93) | .003 | 1.20 (1.10-1.32) | <.001 |
| Race (ref: White) | ||||||||
| Black | 0.60 (0.52-0.70) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.76-1.01) | .069 | 0.85 (0.72-1.01) | .058 | 0.69 (0.61-0.78) | <.001 |
| Asian | 0.60 (0.50-0.71) | <.001 | 0.92 (0.78-1.09) | .322 | 0.45 (0.36-0.56) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.52-0.67) | <.001 |
| Other | 1.09 (0.91-1.30 ) | .368 | 1.05 (0.88-1.25) | .604 | 1.01 (0.81-1.25) | 0.947 | 1.04 (0.89-1.22) | .602 |
| Hispanic (ref: non-Hispanic) | 0.77 (0.68-0.88) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.82-1.05) | .245 | 0.69 (0.59-0.8) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.76-0.94) | .002 |
| Parent education ≥bachelor’s (ref: <bachelor’s) | 0.66 (0.60-0.74) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.77-0.95) | .003 | 0.8 (0.71-0.91) | .001 | 0.93 (0.86-1.01) | .078 |
| Rurality (ref: Rural) | ||||||||
| Suburban/micropolitan | 0.66 (0.58-0.75) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.81-1.06) | .260 | 0.77 (0.66-0.89) | .001 | 0.92 (0.83-1.02) | .110 |
| Urban | 0.76 (0.67-0.85) | <.001 | 1.01 (0.89-1.15) | .825 | 0.88 (0.76-1.02) | .086 | 1.02 (0.92-1.13) | .682 |
| State non-medical cannabis legalized (vs. not) | 0.83 (0.75-0.91) | <.001 | 0.95 (0.86-1.05) | .309 | 0.76 (0.68-0.85) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.89-1.04) | .303 |
| Lifetime mental health diagnoses | ||||||||
| Depressive disorder (vs. no) | 1.03 (0.91-1.16) | .673 | 1.11 (0.99-1.26) | .082 | 0.95 (0.83-1.10) | .518 | 1.01 (0.92-1.12) | .780 |
| Anxiety disorder (vs. no) | 1.01 (0.89-1.13) | .911 | 1.25 (1.10-1.41) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.77-1.02) | .097 | 0.96 (0.87-1.06) | .450 |
| ADD (vs. no) | 1.01 (0.89-1.14) | .907 | 1.18 (1.05-1.33) | .006 | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) | .123 | 1.00 (0.90-1.10) | .960 |
| Personality characteristics | ||||||||
| Extraversion | 1.02 (0.99-1.05) | .239 | 1.06 (1.02-1.09) | .001 | 1.02 (0.98-1.06) | .306 | 1.00 (0.97-1.02) | .728 |
| Agreeableness | 0.81 (0.78-0.85) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.90-0.98) | .005 | 0.79 (0.75-0.83) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.82-0.88) | <.001 |
| Conscientiousness | 0.84 (0.81-0.87) | <.001 | 0.95 (0.91-0.98) | .005 | 0.88 (0.84-0.92) | <.001 | 0.91 (0.88-0.93) | <.001 |
| Emotional stability | 0.93 (0.89-0.97) | <.001 | 1.03 (0.99-1.07) | .183 | 0.97 (0.92-1.01) | .177 | 0.94 (0.91-0.97) | <.001 |
| Openness to new experiences | 0.94 (0.90-0.98) | .004 | 1.04 (0.99-1.08) | .089 | 0.91 (0.87-0.96) | <.001 | 0.99 (0.96-1.02) | .504 |
Notes: * Prior cannabis use defined as ever having used cannabis by the age one year earlier (time-lagged predictor). aHR: Adjusted Hazard Ratio adjusted for all the other predictors or covariates in the table.