Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies.
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| STUDY | COUNTRY | STUDY TYPE | SD GROUP | C GROUP | EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION TASK | ||||||||||
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| NUMBER (MALE) | AGE | INSOMNIA CRITERIA | SD TIME | NUMBER (MALE) | AGE | SLEEP CONDITION | STIMULI MATERIAL | DURATION OF STIMULI | STIMULI MATERIAL NUMBER | NUMBER OF LABEL CHOICES | EMOTIONAL CATEGORIES | OUTCOMES | |||
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| Almondes et al. (2020) | ① | Q-ES | 11 (4) | 31.3 ± 9.4 | DSM-5 | – | 15 (5) | 24.8 ± 4.6 | without sleep disorder | NimStim Set, static/dynamic faces |
1, 2, 3, and 4s | Task1: 64; Task2: 64; Task3: 72 |
4 | Ha, Ang, Fe, Sa, B | Accuracy, RT, neutral emotion attribution |
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| Holding et al. (2017) | ② | Q-ES | 90 | – | – | 24 h | 91 | – | from 11:00 p.m. ± 1h to 7:00 a.m. ± 1h | GEMEP, audio/visual/audio-visual | 1 ~ 5s | 72 | 12 | Anx, De, Di, Ang, Ha, Sa, Fe, In, Ir, Pl, Pr, Re | Accuracy, RT |
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| Kyle et al. (2014) | ③ | Q-ES | 15 (10) | 47.1 ± 10.5 | SOL/WASO > 30 min, TST ≤ 6 h, SE < 85% | – | 16 (10) | 47.1 ± 10.8 | SOL and WASO < 15 min, TST > 6 h, SE > 85%, Sleep from 10:00 p.m. to 08:00 a.m. | Ekman, static faces | until reaction | 80 | 4 | Ang, Fe, Ha, Sa | Accuracy, intensity# |
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| Maccari et al. (2014) | ④ | Q-ES* | 18 (3) | 24.28 ± 2.30 | – | 24 h | 18 (3) | 24.28 ± 2.30 | from 11:30 p.m. ± 1h to 7:30 a.m. ± 1h | static faces and words | 150ms | Task1: 18; Task2: 12 |
3 | A, B, C | Accuracy, RT |
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| Crönlein et al. (2016) | ⑤ | Q-ES | 25 (2) | 51.6 ± 10.9 | ICSD | – | 24 (9) | 45.3 ± 8.8 | PSQI ≤ 6 | Ekman, static faces |
300ms | 42 | 6 | Ang, Anx, Fe, Ha, Di, Sa | Accuracy |
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| Akram et al. (2020) | ③ | Q-ES | 63 (9) | 20.32 ± 4.08 | clinically insomnia symptoms, ISI ≥ 15 | – | 56 (15) | 19.69 ± 4.07 | ISI < 5 | KDEF, static faces | until reaction | 12 | rating 1~96 | B | Intensity rate |
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| van der Helm et al. (2010) | ⑥ | CCT | 20 (10) | – | 24 h | 17 (9) | – | sleep 7.9 ± 1.6 h at night | Ekman, static faces | ≤ 2s | 24 | 4 | Sa, Ang, Ha, B | Intensity | |
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| Killgore et al. (2017) | ⑥ | Q-ES* | 54 (29) | 23.5 ± 4.0 | – | 24 h | 54 (29) | 23.5 ± 4.0 | from 8:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. | Ekman, static faces |
≤ 5s | 120 | 6 | Ha, Sa, Ang, Di, Fe, Su | Accuracy |
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| Sack et al. (2018) | ⑤ | Q-ES | 40 | – | – | ≥ 20 h | 50 | – | normal night sleep | facial emotional video | 2, 4, 6, 8, 10s | 100 | 4 | Ang, Di, Fe, Sa | Accuracy, RT |
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| Stenson et al. (2021) | ⑥ | CCT | 40 | – | – | 24 h | 20 | – | from 10:00 p.m. to 8.00 a.m. | NimStim Set, static faces | 1.5s | 165 | rating –2 ~ 2 |
A, B, C | Accuracy, RT, intensity# |
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| Cote et al. (2014) | ⑦ | CCT | 24 (13) | – | – | 24 h | 24 (13) | – | from 11:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. | NimStim Set, FF and MF | 500ms | FF: 360 MF: 576 |
4 | Ha, Sa, Ang, Fe | Accuracy, RT |
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| Huck et al. (2008) | ⑥ | Q-ES* | 14 | – | – | 24 h, 48 h | 14 | – | 8 hours in bed | Ekman, sample/blend facial task | ≤ 5s | 20 | 6 | Ang, Su, Fe, Sa, Ha, Di | Accuracy |
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* Before-after study;
# The task of intensity rating was performed after choosing the emotional category, and the stimulus disappeared at the same time.
Emotional categories: A, positive; B, neutral; C, negative; Ha, happiness; Sa, sadness; Ang, anger; Fe, fear; Di, disgust; Anx, anxiety; Su, surprise; In, interest; Ir, irritation; Pl, pleasure; Pr, pride; Re, relief; De, despair.
Abbreviation: SD, sleep deprivation; C group, control group; Q-ES, quasi-experimental study; CCT, controlled clinical trial; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; DSM-5, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition; TST, total sleep time; SOL, sleep onset latency; WASO, wake after sleep onset; ICSD, the International Classification of Sleep Disorders; SE, sleep efficiency; RT, reaction time; GEMEP, Geneva Multimodal Emotion Portrayal; KDEF, Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database; IAPS, International Affective Picture System; FF, Full face task; MF, Morphed face task.
Country: ①Brazil; ②Sweden; ③England; ④Spain; ⑤German; ⑥America; ⑦Canada; ⑧Italy.