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. 2025 Aug 19;13:e19811. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19811

Table 1. Greenhouse gas (GHG) protocol emission scopes.

Overview of the three emission scopes and the respective carbon sources considered relevant for the emission calculation of the 15th International Coral Reef Symposium 2022.

Definition Relevant categories for ICRS 2022
Scope 1 Direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the facility or company None
Scope 2 Indirect energy related emission including purchased energy that is not produced within the facility Electricity
Heating
Cooling
Online attendees
Scope 3 All other indirect emissions Transportation
Public transport
Catering
Accommodation
Waste
Additional items