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. 2025 Aug 19;13:e19811. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19811

Table 2. CO2 emission factors.

Emission factors used for calculations in all relevant categories including the respective sources.

Category CO2 emission factor Reference
Transportation
Airplane 101.3 g/RPK EPA (2022)
Car 130.3 g/km EEA (2022)
Train 64 g/km Zheng (2022)
Public transport 199 g/km EPA (2022)
Food
Rice/potatoes 2,455 g/kg Ritchie, Rosado & Roser (2022)
Vegetables 980 g/kg Ritchie, Rosado & Roser (2022)
Cheese/eggs 14,274 g/kg Ritchie, Rosado & Roser (2022)
Milk 3,150 g/kg Ritchie, Rosado & Roser (2022)
Coffee/tea 28,530 g/kg Ritchie, Rosado & Roser (2022)
Wine 1,790 g/kg Ritchie, Rosado & Roser (2022)
Beer 500 g/pint Berners-Lee (2010)
1.5 l glass water bottles 323 g/bottle Tappwater (2022)
Accommodation
Night/three-star hotel 16,900 g Ratjen (2016)
Energy
Norwegian hydropower 3.33 g/kWh Silva & Saur Modahl (2015)
Tapwater (sanitary use) 468 g/kWh Meunier (2020)
Wastewater 290 g/m3 Wang et al. (2016)
Household waste 500 g/kg BEHG (2020)
Online attendance 10,000 g/attendee Strüber (2021)
Additional items
T-shirts 8,300 g/t-shirt Khan & Islam (2015)
Conference pass 6 g/pass Ezeep (2022)
Lanyards 2,700 g/kg WePrintLanyards (2022)

Notes.

*RPK, Revenue passenger kilometre.

*EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency.

*EEA, European Environment Agency.

*BEHG, Brennstoff-Emissionshandelsgesetz (Germany).