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. 2025 Jul 9;38:10. doi: 10.5334/irsp.918

Table 1.

Correlations and Descriptive Statistics (Study 1).


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1. RD

2. PUEM –.51***

3. SI –.25*** .43***

4. SI1 –.28*** .38*** .72***

5. SI2 –.20** .40*** .85*** .54***

6. SI3 –.22** .21** .78*** .48*** .54***

7. SI4 –.12 .36*** .82*** .58*** .70*** .46***

8. SI5 –.22** .42*** .86*** .47*** .66*** .65*** .60***

Covariates

9. SSES –.31*** .39*** .16* .14* .18** .09 .09 .15*

10. Gender –.06 –.02 –.003 –.06 –.04 .10 –.09 .05 –.04

11. Age –.25*** .21** .08 .16* .04 –.05 .17* .05 .26*** –.05

12. Education –.12 .03 .08 .10 .04 .09 .04 .06 .03 .02 .05

M 3.17 4.74 5.72 5.87 5.70 5.93 5.73 5.32 5.66 30.96 3.06

SD 1.25 1.21 0.70 0.67 0.91 0.77 0.91 1.08 1.05 5.78 0.42

Notes. RD: relative deprivation, PUEM: perceived upward economic mobility, SI: self-improvement, SI1: employee assessment dimension, SI2: on-the-job experiences dimension, SI3: courses and programs dimension, SI4: professional relationships dimension, SI5: career planning dimension. M: mean. SD: standard deviation. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.