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. 2025 Aug 22;11(34):eadu2708. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adu2708

Fig. 2. Infiltration study of monocytes from patients with AD and AC donors.

Fig. 2.

(A) Dynamic infiltration of AD monocytes (ADMos) into the hCO-MPSs over 24 hours. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) Quantification of ADMo infiltration into conventional spherical hCOs and the hCO-MPSs with doughnut-shape hCOs over 24 hours (mean ± SEM, n = 5 organoids, from three independent experiments). (C) Representative images showing monocyte infiltration into the hCO-MPSs under different conditions: AC monocytes (ACMos) cocultured with hCO-MPSs, ACMo cocultured with Aβ-pretreated hCO-MPSs (ACMo + Aβ), ADMo cocultured with hCO-MPSs, and ADMo cocultured with Aβ-pretreated hCO-MPSs (ADMo + Aβ). Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) Quantification of monocyte infiltration shown in (C) (mean ± SEM, n = 5 organoids, from three independent experiments). (E) UMAP visualization of cell types in hCO-MPSs. (F) UMAP visualization of the cell distribution in ACMo-cocultured hCO-MPSs (ACMo + hCO-MPSs) and ADMo-cocultured hCO-MPSs (ADMo + hCO-MPSs). (G) Gene expression of CCR1 in ACMo and ADMo within hCO-MPSs, respectively. (H) Expression of cell infiltration–related genes in ACMo and ADMo within hCO-MPSs, respectively. Quantification of monocyte infiltration was performed on the bottom surface area of the organoids.