Fig. 3. Light-triggered membrane intercalation and disruption of BT.

(A) Chemical structure of BT and its cyclic voltammogram in 0.1 M n-Bu₄NPF₆ acetonitrile solution. (B) Normalized absorption and emission spectra of 10 μM BT in PBS. (C) Quantitative analysis of LDH release from A549 cells subjected to COE and light treatments (n = 3). (D) Time-lapse micrographs of A549 cells treated with 10 μM BT in PBS. During the observation intervals, cells in the gray box were additionally irradiated by the built-in 514-nm laser using microscope’s bleaching model. Scale bars, 50 μm. (E) Zoom-out micrographs after the bleaching experiments in (D). Scale bars, 100 μm. (F) Relative emission intensity at 650 nm for LUVs (POPC:POPG, 85:15) treated by 10 μM BT in PBS with or without additional 488-nm excitation during detection intervals. I/I₀, fluorescence intensity ratio (650 nm) after/before light exposure.