Fig. 4. Membrane permeabilization analysis of COE-treated A549 cells.

Confocal images of COE-treated A549 cells stained by cell-impermeant DNA dye. (A and B) Cells treated with 10 μM BT and (A) exposed to white light irradiation or (B) maintained in the dark, then stained with DAPI. (C) Ben-treated or (D) S6-treated cells following white light irradiation, then stained with PI. Relative to the Dark group, cells in the Light group were exposed to white light at 20 mW cm⁻² during observation intervals. Scale bars, 50 μm. Time-dependent fluorescence intensities of DNA dye were presented in the right panel with three cells statistically analyzed.