Fig. 5. Mechanistic investigation of light-triggered mechanical membrane disruption.
(A) Dead cell subpopulation evaluated using flow cytometry for BT-treated A549 cells supplemented by ROS scavengers, including N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or vitamin C (ViC). (B) Calcein leakage experiments for COE-treated LUVs under white light exposure. FIt/FIt0, fluorescence intensity ratio (515 nm) after/before light exposure. (C) Membrane fluidity assessed by measuring the generalized polarization (GP) value using Laurdan indicator for BT-treated LUVs with or without white light irradiation at 20 mW cm−2 (n = 3). LUVs without COE treatment were used as control. (D) Schematic representation of COE-containing multilamellar lipid sample fabricated by drop casting on silicon wafer for XRD characterizations. (E and F) XRD curves of untreated (E) or BT-containing (F) multilamellar lipid sample subjected to white light irradiation for 20 min. (G and H) Evolution of femtosecond transient absorption spectra for BT-containing LUVs following 465-nm excitation. (I) Selected kinetic traces and corresponding fits at 860 and 890 nm. ΔA (mOD), difference in optical density before and after pumping.