Table 2.
Postpartum Visit Rate by 60 Days Postpartum, by Time Period with Respect to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Patient Characteristics
| Pre-COVID-19a % with PPV |
Post-lockdowna % with PPV |
Risk difference (95% CI)b |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample | 67.6 | 58.1 | −9.6 (−13.6, −5.6) |
| Age, years | |||
| <20 | 65.1 | 47.4 | −17.7 (−31.9, −3.5) |
| 20–24 | 65.1 | 54.8 | −10.3 (−18.1, −2.4) |
| 25–29 | 65.5 | 59.1 | −6.4 (−13.8, 1.1) |
| 30–34 | 73.3 | 60.6 | −12.7 (−21.0, −4.3) |
| 35+ | 70.1 | 64.2 | −5.9 (−16.3, 4.5) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 62.6 | 50.5 | −12.1 (−17.8, −6.4) |
| Hispanic | 74.7 | 68.3 | −6.5 (−12.5, −0.4) |
| Otherc | 71.3 | 57.3 | −13.9 (−28.4, 0.5) |
| Preferred language | |||
| English | 65.1 | 53.1 | −12.0 (−16.7, −7.4) |
| Spanish | 77.2 | 73.7 | −3.5 (−11.5, 4.5) |
| Other | 72.7 | 70.0 | −2.7 (−22.1, 16.6) |
| First trimester prenatal care | |||
| Yes | 66.5 | 57.4 | −9.1 (−14.3, −3.9) |
| No | 63.9 | 49.6 | −14.3 (−22.8, −5.9) |
| Previous pregnancies | |||
| 0 | 67.3 | 52.6 | −14.7 (−23.0, −6.3) |
| 1–2 | 67.0 | 58.1 | −8.9 (−16.1, −1.7) |
| 3+ | 60.5 | 53.3 | −7.2 (−16.0, 1.7) |
| Obstetric comorbidityd | |||
| Yes | 62.8 | 55.1 | −7.8 (−22.7, 7.1) |
| No | 67.9 | 58.4 | −9.6 (−13.7, −5.4) |
| Major mental health or substance abuse disorder | |||
| Yes | 64.4 | 52.4 | −12.0 (−23.9, −0.2) |
| No | 67.9 | 59.0 | −8.9 (−13.2, −4.6) |
| Chronic diseasee | |||
| Yes | 70.3 | 56.4 | −13.9 (−22.7, −5.2) |
| No | 67.0 | 58.5 | −8.5 (−13.0, −4.0) |
| Clinical site | |||
| A | 61.1 | 47.2 | −14.0 (−20.3, −7.7) |
| B | 72.1 | 65.9 | −6.2 (−15.4, 2.9) |
| C | 69.5 | 65.5 | −4.0 (−15.2, 7.1) |
| D | 77.0 | 71.5 | −5.4 (−14.3, 3.4) |
| E | 66.4 | 70.7 | 4.4 (−12.2, 20.9) |
| F | 72.6 | 49.1 | −23.4 (−40.3, −5.6) |
The pre-COVID-19 period includes pregnant persons who gave birth before January 1, 2020, as their 2-month postpartum date occurred before the United States was under stay-at-home orders due to COVID-19. The lockdown period (excluded from the study) includes pregnant persons who gave birth between January 1, 2020, and March 31, 2020, whose 2-month postpartum date occurred during the months when much of the United States was under stay-at-home orders. The post-lockdown period covers pregnant persons who gave birth on or after April 1, 2020.
p-Values (chi-squared) for the interactions between each covariate and period (pre/post-lockdown) did not reach statistical significance.
Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Asian, multiracial, and other racial/ethnic groups.
Obstetric comorbidity includes major pregnancy-related conditions, the most common of which is gestational diabetes.26
Chronic diseases included pulmonary hypertension, chronic renal disease, preexisting bleeding disorder, preexisting cardiac disease, HIV/AIDS, gastrointestinal disease, acute or moderate/severe asthma, connective tissue or autoimmune disease, chronic hypertension, preexisting diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, and BMI of 40 or higher.26
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; PPV, postpartum visit.