Table 3.
Most/Moderately Effective Contraception Rate by 60 Days Postpartum, by Patient Characteristics and Time Period with Respect to the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Those with a Postpartum Visit by 60 Days Postpartum
| Most/moderately effective contraception (%) | Risk difference (95% CI)b |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-COVID-19a | Post-lockdowna | ||
| Full sample | 50.1 | 42.1 | −8.1 (−13.3, −2.8) |
| Age | |||
| <20 | 52.1 | 56.8 | 4.6 (−15.1, 24.4) |
| 20–24 | 53.3 | 42.3 | −11.0 (−21.4, −0.6) |
| 25–29 | 50.0 | 45.0 | −5.0 (−14.8, 4.7) |
| 30–34 | 48.4 | 38.7 | −9.8 (−20.5, 1.0) |
| 35+ | 46.5 | 35.2 | −11.3 (−24.4, 1.9) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 52.7 | 39.8 | −12.9 (−20.6, −5.2) |
| Hispanic | 49.6 | 45.7 | −3.9 (−11.8, 4.1) |
| Otherc | 40.3 | 41.9 | 1.6 (−17.3, 20.4) |
| Preferred language | |||
| English | 51.2 | 42.7 | −8.5 (−14.7, −2.2) |
| Spanish | 49.2 | 42.2 | −7.0 (−17.6, 3.7) |
| Other | 34.5 | 32.1 | −2.3 (−26.8, 22.1) |
| First trimester prenatal care | |||
| Yes | 55.4 | 44.6 | −10.8 (−17.6, −3.9) |
| No | 47.3 | 39.5 | −7.9 (−19.3, 3.8) |
| Previous pregnancies | |||
| 0 | 49.2 | 39.2 | −9.9 (−21.1, 1.2) |
| 1–2 | 50.7 | 43.0 | −7.7 (−17.1, 1.8) |
| 3+ | 60.3 | 46.3 | −14.0 (−25.7, −2.2) |
| Obstetric comorbidityd,e | |||
| Yes | 57.1 | 30.6 | −26.5 (−45.5, −7.6) |
| No | 49.7 | 42.1 | −6.6 (−12.0, −1.1) |
| Major mental health or substance abuse disorder | |||
| Yes | 55.3 | 40.3 | −15.0 (−30.7, 0.7) |
| No | 49.6 | 42.4 | −7.3 (−12.8, −1.7) |
| Chronic diseasef | |||
| Yes | 47.0 | 40.3 | −6.7 (−18.2, 4.8) |
| No | 50.9 | 42.5 | −8.3 (−14.2, −2.5) |
| Clinical site | |||
| A | 52.2 | 42.5 | −9.7 (−18.4, −0.9) |
| B | 50.0 | 41.1 | −8.9 (−20.8, 2.9) |
| C | 51.7 | 46.2 | −5.5 (−20.0, 9.1) |
| D | 38.3 | 37.3 | −1.0 (−12.5, 10.4) |
| E | 62.0 | 51.7 | −10.3 (−31.7, 11.2) |
| F | 59.5 | 39.3 | −20.1 (−44.2, 3.9) |
The pre-COVID-19 period includes pregnant persons who gave birth before January 1, 2020, as their 2-month postpartum date occurred before the United States was under stay-at-home orders due to COVID-19. The lockdown period (excluded from the study) includes pregnant persons who gave birth between January 1, 2020, and March 31, 2020, whose 2-month postpartum date occurred during the months when much of the United States was under stay-at-home orders. The post-lockdown period covers pregnant persons who gave birth on or after April 1, 2020.
p-Values (chi-squared) for the interaction between each covariate and period (pre/post-lockdown) did not reach statistical significance except where noted.
Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Asian, multiracial, and other racial/ethnic groups.
Obstetric comorbidity includes major pregnancy-related conditions, the most common of which is gestational diabetes.26
Chi-squared test p-value <0.1 for the interaction between the covariate and period (pre/post-lockdown).
Chronic diseases included pulmonary hypertension, chronic renal disease, preexisting bleeding disorder, preexisting cardiac disease, HIV/AIDS, gastrointestinal disease, acute or moderate/severe asthma, connective tissue or autoimmune disease, chronic hypertension, preexisting diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, and BMI of 40 or higher.26
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.