Table 2.
Comparison of Aqueous Humor Antioxidant Levels, Serum Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Levels, Lipid Profiles, and Renal Profiles Among the Three Groups
| Characteristics | Group 1 Control (n = 103) | Group 2 DM Without DR (n = 40) | Group 3 DR (n = 34) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aqueous humor | ||||
| TAC, mM | 1.59 ± 0.42a | 1.55 ± 0.58a | 1.08 ± 0.53b | <0.001 |
| AA, mM | 1.19 ± 0.36a | 1.22 ± 0.52a | 0.79 ± 0.47b | <0.001 |
| AA/TAC ratio (%) | 73.79 ± 9.70a,b | 76.65 ± 15.99a | 68.43 ± 17.37b | 0.026 |
| Serum | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.78 ± 0.33a | 7.24 ± 1.32b | 8.09 ± 1.49b | <0.001 |
| FBG, mg/dL | 95.00 ± 12.05a | 124.93 ± 29.75b | 140.54 ± 44.50b | 0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 6.13 ± 1.83 | 5.91 ± 1.55 | 6.91 ± 1.10 | 0.421 |
| Lipid profile | ||||
| TG, mg/dL | 141.29 ± 83.10 | 112.80 ± 50.27 | 156.00 ± 111.32 | 0.376 |
| Chol, mg/dL | 173.05 ± 36.40 | 154.19 ± 26.76 | 169.47 ± 48.97 | 0.323 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 103.63 ± 39.14 | 83.94 ± 25.14 | 90.67 ± 32.14 | 0.223 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 45.64 ± 14.07 | 50.77 ± 8.45 | 46.60 ± 11.53 | 0.487 |
| Renal profile | ||||
| BUN, mg/dL | 24.03 ± 20.86 | 23.70 ± 8.45 | 28.31 ± 22.60 | 0.857 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.44 ± 2.19 | 1.29 ± 1.80 | 2.36 ± 3.24 | 0.326 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 80.77 ± 33.80 | 72.39 ± 25.59 | 76.00 ± 45.71 | 0.782 |
| ACR, mg/g | 15.44 ± 9.59 | 32.40 ± 46.69 | 1221.37 ± 1772.48 | 0.181 |
AA, ascorbic acid; ACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Chol, total cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TG, triglycerides.
a,b
Intergroup comparison using Bonferroni post hoc test, identical symbols indicate no significant difference among groups, while different letters indicate a significant difference among groups.
The P values in bold represent statistical significance.