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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Value Health. 2025 Jul 8;28(12):1826–1834. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2025.06.017

Table 2.

Hospital characteristics in 169 study hospitals across hospital profiles.

Hospital characteristic Hospital profile
P-value
ED and ICU nurse favorable (n = 67) ED and ICU nurse unfavorable (n = 42) ED nurse unfavorable (n = 60)
Hospital size, n (%) .9
 ≤ 250 25 (38) 14 (33) 19 (32)
 251–500 29 (43) 20 (48) 27 (45)
 >500 13 (19)   8 (19) 14 (23)
Annual ED patient volume, n (%) .7
 0–40 000 21 (31) 11 (26) 13 (22)
 40–80 000 25 (37) 15 (36) 27 (45)
 >80 000 21 (32) 16 (38) 20 (33)
Teaching status, n (%) .14
 No 23 (34)   7(17) 16(27)
 Minor 21 (31) 20 (48) 17 (28)
 Major 23 (35) 15(35) 27 (45)
Technology status, n (%) .8
 Not High Tech 31 (46) 22 (52) 28 (47)
 High 36 (54) 20 (48) 32 (53)
Trauma center, n (%) .9
 No 25 (37) 16 (38) 21 (35)
 Yes 42 (63) 26 (62) 39 (65)

Note. Fisher’s exact tests were performed for categorical variables (ED annual volume, teaching status, technology status, trauma center), and global ANOVA tests were performed for continuous variables (Avg. % of clinicians rating their work environment as poor).

ANOVA indicates analysis of variance; Avg., average; ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit.