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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Ment Health. 2025 May 19;3(6):613–625. doi: 10.1038/s44220-025-00397-4

Figure 2. Forest plots of GSMR models with significant results (p.fdr < 0.05) for ΤSA and ΜTH.

Figure 2.

(A) Forward MR results of ΤSA on outcomes. (B) Reverse MR results of outcomes on ΤSA. (C) Forward MR results of ΜTH on outcomes. (D) Reverse MR results of outcomes on ΜTH.

Significant results (p.fdr < 0.05) are colored by category: red= behavior, purple=quantitative phenotype and blue=(neuro)psychiatric phenotype (except for T2D2017, TSD2020). The non-significant results (p.fdr > 0.05) are colored in grey. In Fig.2B, there were not enough significantly associated SNPs for age of smoking initiation 2019 (AgeSmk) to be extracted as instruments and hence the result is unavailable.

(A & B) CP: cognitive performance, EA: educational attainment, Height, CDG: cross disorders group, AgeSmk#2: age of smoking initiation (2022), HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BIP#2: bipolar disorder excluding participants from the UK biobank (2021), AgeSmk: age of smoking initiation (2019), T2D2020: type II diabetes (2020), T2D2017: type II diabetes (2017), ALZ: Alzheimer’s disease, nonHDL: non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC: total cholesterol, SmkCes#2: smoking cessation (2022), ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, SmkInit: ever smoked regularly (2019), logTG: log-transformed triglycerides, SmkInit#2: ever smoked regularly (2022)

(C & D) SCZ3: schizophrenia freeze 3, DrnkWk#2: drinks per week (2022), SCZ2: schizophrenia freeze 2, SmkInit#2: ever smoked regularly (2022), BDSCZ: meta-analysis bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, BIP: bipolar disorder (2019), BMI: body mass index, Bis.DB.ratio: ratio of bisLallylic bonds to double bonds in lipids, CH2.in.FA: CH2 groups in fatty acids, Bis.FA.ratio: ratio of bisLallylic bonds to total fatty acids in lipids, otPUFA: other polyunsaturated fatty acids than 18:2, DB.in.FA: double bonds in fatty acids, Crea: creatinine, CH2.DB.ratio: CH2 groups to double bonds ratio.

Of note: The dots (centre for the error bars) represent beta coefficients in MR study. The error bars represent 95% Confidence Intervals of beta coefficients. In multivariable (MVMR) analyses, the result for BIP had the same direction of effect but was no longer significant after FDR-correction for multiple testing (STable 7B). Furthermore, 2 tests had <10 instruments, namely SCZ3 (number of instruments = 9) and DrnkWk#2 (number of instruments = 8). Statistical tests were two-sided, and p-values were FDR-corrected to adjust for multiple testing.

Regarding the sample size of GWASs, ΤSA, MTH= 51,665; CP=257,828; EA= 3 million, Height=253,288, CDG= 438,997; HDL, nonHDL, TC, logTG =1,320,016; BIP#2= 413,466; AgeSmk, SmkInit = 1.2 million; T2D2020=23,326; T2D2017=659,316; ALZ=200,853; SmkCes#2, SmkInit#2, DrnkWk#2= 3.4 million; ADHD= 53,293; SCZ3=161,405; SCZ2=105,308; BDSCZ=41,653; BIP=31,710; BMI=322,154; Bis.DB.ratio, CH2.in.FA, Bis.FA.ratio, otPUFA, DB.in.FA, Crea, CH2.DB.ratio= 24,925.