Table 1.
Characteristics of study cohort by frailty trajectory classification using latent class growth analysis.
| Total (n = 6082) |
Improving (n = 422) |
Stable (n = 2396) |
Mildly Worsening (n = 2518) |
Drastically Worsening (n = 746) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-Value |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Urban Residence | 4949 (82.0) | 330 (77.1) | 1967 (83.4) | 2053 (81.7) | 599 (80.7) | 0.17 |
| Age | ||||||
| 65–69 years | 1154 (28.6) | 119 (39.0) | 582 (35.1) | 369 (22.5) | 84 (18.1) | <0.001 |
| 70–74 years | 1274 (25.0) | 109 (27.8) | 565 (26.9) | 484 (24.1) | 116 (19.2) | |
| 75–79 years | 1230 (19.2) | 70 (14.2) | 445 (16.5) | 533 (21.3) | 182 (25.4) | |
| 80–84 years | 1203 (14.5) | 66 (10.6) | 411 (11.5) | 543 (16.7) | 183 (20.6) | |
| 85–89 years | 1221 (12.8) | 58 (8.4) | 393 (10.0) | 589 (15.4) | 181 (16.7) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 2529 (43.6) | 172 (42.6) | 1021 (44.8) | 1048 (43.4) | 288 (40.3) | 0.34 |
| Female | 3553 (56.4) | 250 (57.4) | 1375 (55.2) | 1470 (56.6) | 458 (59.7) | |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 4194 (81.2) | 269 (77.7) | 1696 (83.2) | 1722 (79.7) | 507 (81.4) | 0.11 |
| Black | 1318 (8.1) | 110 (9.7) | 491 (7.4) | 547 (8.2) | 170 (8.9) | |
| Hispanic | 352 (6.5) | 29 (8.1) | 130 (5.8) | 154 (7.3) | 39 (5.3) | |
| Other | 218 (4.2) | 14 (4.4) | 79 (3.6) | 95 (4.8) | 30 (4.4) | |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than High School | 1606 (20.8) | 123 (22.1) | 553 (17.4) | 702 (23.0) | 228 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| High School | 1642 (26.9) | 111 (26.7) | 597 (23.8) | 727 (29.9) | 207 (28.5) | |
| Some College | 769 (13.9) | 37 (9.7) | 307 (13.8) | 307 (13.9) | 118 (17.7) | |
| College Degree and Beyond | 2065 (38.4) | 151 (41.5) | 939 (45.0) | 782 (33.3) | 193 (28.9) | |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Married | 2915 (54.6) | 201 (56.2) | 1237 (58.6) | 1166 (52.3) | 311 (46.5) | <0.001 |
| Separated/Divorced | 742 (12.3) | 65 (15.8) | 287 (11.6) | 293 (12.1) | 97 (14.0) | |
| Widowed | 2061 (27.0) | 127 (22.8) | 720 (23.3) | 915 (29.7) | 299 (34.2) | |
| Never Married | 239 (3.7) | 20 (3.5) | 97 (3.9) | 94 (3.6) | 28 (3.6) | |
| Living with Partner | 125 (2.3) | 9 (1.7) | 55 (2.6) | 50 (2.3) | 11 (1.8) | |
| Income | ||||||
| USD 0–24,999 | 1700 (24.7) | 113 (22.6) | 605 (20.8) | 744 (27.5) | 238 (30.7) | <0.001 |
| USD 25,000–49,999 | 818 (14.1) | 47 (12.4) | 322 (13.8) | 352 (15.2) | 97 (12.4) | |
| USD 50,000–74,999 | 451 (8.7) | 28 (7.7) | 192 (8.9) | 189 (9.2) | 42 (6.9) | |
| USD 75,000–99,999 | 230 (4.9) | 23 (7.2) | 110 (6.1) | 76 (3.7) | 21 (3.7) | |
| USD 100,000–199,999 | 235 (5.3) | 19 (6.6) | 119 (6.9) | 78 (3.8) | 19 (3.4) | |
| USD 200,000+ | 85 (2.0) | 7 (2.7) | 50 (3.0) | 22 (1.1) | 6 (0.7) | |
| Missing | 2563 (40.4) | 185 (40.8) | 998 (40.5) | 1057 (39.6) | 323 (42.2) | |
| Language | ||||||
| Language other than English | 1077 (19.6) | 95 (26.4) | 429 (19.7) | 436 (19.2) | 117 (16.2) | 0.004 |
| English | 5005 (80.4) | 327 (73.6) | 1967 (80.3) | 2082 (80.8) | 629 (83.8) | |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Medicaid | 921 (11.7) | 86 (15.4) | 331 (10.0) | 390 (12.4) | 114 (13.0) | 0.03 |
| Medigap | 3100 (54.1) | 205 (53.6) | 1217 (54.3) | 1301 (53.9) | 377 (54.6) | |
| Tricare | 188 (3.3) | 12 (3.7) | 80 (3.5) | 68 (2.8) | 28 (4.1) | |
| Medicare only | 1873 (30.9) | 119 (27.3) | 768 (32.2) | 759 (30.9) | 227 (28.3) | |
| Healthcare Access | ||||||
| Has Regular Doctor | 5796 (95.4) | 403 (95.3) | 2300 (96.0) | 2390 (95.3) | 703 (93.6) | 0.24 |
| Seen Doctor Last Year | 5716 (93.6) | 396 (93.9) | 2257 (93.7) | 2367 (93.6) | 696 (92.7) | 0.88 |
| Community Support | ||||||
| Household size | 1.97 (0.02) | 2.00 (0.05) | 1.97 (0.02) | 1.98 (0.03) | 1.87 (0.04) | 0.09 |
| Need help in transportation to doctor | 2189 (29.1) | 152 (29.1) | 752 (24.1) | 974 (32.6) | 311 (35.6) | <0.001 |
| Health | ||||||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 1589 (24.2) | 101 (20.5) | 576 (21.8) | 692 (26.3) | 220 (28.2) | 0.002 |
| High Blood Pressure | 4090 (63.8) | 282 (61.3) | 1564 (61.1) | 1729 (66.6) | 515 (65.9) | 0.005 |
| Arthritis | 3399 (53.8) | 249 (57.7) | 1250 (49.4) | 1459 (56.6) | 441 (58.6) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 1252 (21.1) | 92 (22.6) | 470 (19.5) | 526 (21.8) | 164 (23.5) | 0.14 |
| Type II Diabetes | 1527 (23.6) | 100 (21.1) | 568 (21.9) | 667 (25.2) | 192 (26.2) | 0.02 |
| Lung Disease | 887 (14.7) | 55 (12.1) | 322 (13.1) | 401 (17.0) | 109 (14.3) | 0.002 |
| Stroke | 698 (9.8) | 56 (10.9) | 231 (7.7) | 306 (10.8) | 105 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 308 (3.8) | 17 (2.8) | 90 (2.7) | 147 (4.6) | 54 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 1564 (25.7) | 102 (24.3) | 605 (24.7) | 661 (26.6) | 196 (27.3) | 0.50 |
| Multimorbidity | 4490 (70.7) | 308 (71.0) | 1704 (67.0) | 1907 (73.6) | 571 (74.2) | <0.001 |