Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Appl Dev Psychol. 2025 Feb 13;97:101760. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2025.101760

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics

M SD Min Max N

Parent Psychological Well-Being
 Depressive symptoms 8.46 5.43 0 29 1,633
 Self-efficacy 3.33 0.51 1 4 1,608
HLE
 Read or look at books with child 0.52 0.50 0 1 1,633
 Tells stories to child 0.31 0.46 0 1 1,633
 Sings songs or plays instruments with child 0.28 0.45 0 1 1,633
 Plays with child 0.29 0.46 0 1 1,633
 Constructs objects or art with child 0.15 0.36 0 1 1,633
 Names, counts, or draws things with child 0.40 0.49 0 1 1,633
 Helps child with homework 0.47 0.50 0 1 1,633
 Talks with child about what he/she is learning 0.58 0.49 0 1 1,633
 Teaches child vocabulary words in English or Swahili 0.41 0.49 0 1 1,633
 Teaches child vocabulary words in local language 0.29 0.45 0 1 1,633
 Plays sports or other physical activity with child 0.15 0.35 0 1 1,633
 Takes child on a fun outing 0.21 0.40 0 1 1,633
 Number of children’s books in the household 1.84 2.44 0 50 1,633
Socioemotional Development
 Emotional symptoms scale 6.88 2.39 0 10 1,633
 Conduct problems scale 8.34 1.72 2 10 1,633
 Hyperactive scale 6.01 2.17 0 10 1,633
 Peer problems scale 7.72 1.65 0 10 1,633
 Prosocial scale 7.98 2.04 0 10 1,633
Cognitive Development
 EGMA percentage score 27.26 22.64 0 96 1,633
 EGRA Swahili percentage score 22.87 22.73 0 98 1,633
 EGRA English percentage score 24.16 34.26 0 100 1,159
 PPVT count correct (out of 91) 53.66 11.56 0 87 1,633
 Forward digit span count correct (out of 4) 2.91 0.89 0 4 1,633
 PLUS-EF MSIT percentage score 66.52 23.82 0 100 1,572
Sociodemographic Characteristics
 Household per capita consumption (2017 USD PPP) 1327 1208 69 12,795 1,399
 Parent education (years) 8.77 2.98 2 16 1,629
 Parent female 0.73 0.44 0 1 1,633
 Married 0.88 0.32 0 1 1,584
 Urban residence 0.29 0.46 0 1 1,597
 Household size 5 or more 0.71 0.45 0 1 1,406

Note. HLE = Home Learning Environment. EGMA = Early Grade Math Assessment. EGRA = Early Grade Reading Assessment. PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. PLUS-EF MSIT = Promoting Learning, Understanding Self-Regulation – Executive Function.