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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Proc Am Control Conf. 2025 Aug 21;2025:3341–3347. doi: 10.23919/acc63710.2025.11107661

TABLE I:

Comparison of MPC and MPPI in tracking five trajectories in terms of computation time and RMSE (deg) for pitch and yaw.

Controller Type Desired Trajectory Computation Time (s) RMSE Pitch (deg) RMSE Yaw (deg)

MPC 1180.46 ± 50.24 0.13 0.36
graphic file with name nihms-2100286-t0006.jpg 1038.62 ± 68.12 0.08 0.28
1192.43 ± 47.94 0.21 0.10
graphic file with name nihms-2100286-t0007.jpg 1134.09 ± 58.73 0.19 0.14
992.36 ± 41.06 0.77 0.82

MPPI 227.64 ± 24.31 0.06 0.26
graphic file with name nihms-2100286-t0006.jpg 217.29 ± 29.48 0.07 0.27
222.47 ± 32.12 0.17 0.07
graphic file with name nihms-2100286-t0007.jpg 201.01 ± 21.86 0.10 0.18
200.47 ± 26.04 0.32 0.44