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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published before final editing as: Psychol Crime Law. 2023 Dec 20:10.1080/1068316X.2023.2292515. doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2023.2292515

Table 4.

Fixed effects from multi-level models concerning factor 1: calm and respectful intentions.

Model 1a Model 1b Model 1c
Variable Estimate [95% CI] p (FDR) Estimate [95% CI] p (FDR) Estimate [95% CI] p (FDR)
Time 0.13 [0.06, 0.21] .005 0.13 [0.05, 0.21] .009 0.13 [0.04, 0.22] .020
Age 0.02 [−0.02, 0.07] .458 0.01 [−0.05, 0.06] .956
Non-Male (vs. Male) 0.33 [0.22, 0.44] <.001 0.33 [0.20, 0.45] <.001
Black (vs. White) 0.21 [0.08, 0.33] .004 0.20 [0.06, 0.34] .014
Hispanic (vs. White) 0.17 [0.04, 0.30] .028 0.18 [0.03, 0.33] .038
Other Race (vs. White) −0.07 [−0.24, 0.10] .632 −0.05 [−0.25, 0.14] .817
Time*Age 0.03 [−0.02, 0.09] .328
Time*Non-Male (vs. Male) 0.01 [−0.11, 0.14] .966
Time*Black (vs. White) 0.01 [−0.13, 0.14] .968
Time*Hispanic (vs. White) −0.03 [−0.18, 0.12] .911
Time*Other Race (vs. White) −0.03 [−0.22, 0.16] .956

Note: CI, confidence interval; p(FDR), adjusted p-value using false discovery rate. Each model also contained random intercepts for recruit and cohort and random slopes for time within cohort.