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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published before final editing as: Psychol Crime Law. 2023 Dec 20:10.1080/1068316X.2023.2292515. doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2023.2292515

Table 5.

Fixed effects from multi-level models concerning factor 2: police responsibility for positive youth interactions.

Model 2a Model 2b Model 2c
Variable Estimate [95% CI] p (FDR) Estimate [95% CI] p (FDR) Estimate [95% CI] p (FDR)
Time 0.31 [0.23, 0.40] <.001 0.32 [0.23, 0.40] <.001 0.33 [0.24, 0.43] <.001
Age 0.00 [−0.05, 0.05] .997 0.00 [−0.05, 0.05] .997
Non-Male (vs. Male) 0.09 [−0.02, 0.20] .222 0.08 [−0.04, 0.21] .328
Black (vs. White) 0.37 [0.25, 0.49] <.001 0.38 [0.24, 0.52] <.001
Hispanic (vs. White) 0.21 [0.08, 0.35] .005 0.25 [0.10, 0.40] .004
Other Race (vs. White) −0.02 [−0.19, 0.15] .966 −0.01 [−0.20, 0.18] .979
Time*Age 0.00 [−0.05, 0.05] .997
Time*Non-Male (vs. Male) 0.01 [−0.11, 0.13] .968
Time*Black (vs. White) −0.02 [−0.15, 0.11] .934
Time*Hispanic (vs. White) −0.07 [−0.21, 0.07] .480
Time*Other Race (vs. White) −0.01 [−0.19, 0.17] .968

Note: CI, confidence interval; p(FDR), adjusted p-value using false discovery rate. Each model also contained random intercepts for recruit and cohort and random slopes for time within cohort.