Table 3.
Statistical comparisons between competitive employment and therapeutic work activity branches
| Competitive Employment Branch (N=17) | Therapeutic Work Activity Branch (N=61) | Statistic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (Years) | 52.94(14.86) | 55.10(12.78) | t(76) = −.59, p = .554 |
| Years of Education | 13.29(1.61) | 12.95(.98) | t(76) = 1.10, p = .277 |
| Reported Gender | |||
| Male | 94.1% | 90.2% | χ2 (2) = .39, p = .821 |
| Female | 5.9% | 8.2% | |
| Other | 0% | 1.6% | |
| Race | |||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 5.9% | 1.6% | χ2 (4) = 2.46, p = .653 |
| Black/African American | 41.2% | 57.4% | |
| White | 47.1% | 34.4% | |
| Mixed Race | 5.9% | 4.9% | |
| Unknown/Not Reported | 0% | 1.6% | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 94.1% | 93.4% | χ2 (1) = .01, p = .920 |
| Marital Status | |||
| Single, never married | 47.1% | 36.1% | χ2 (1) = .68, p = .410 |
| Married/Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 52.9% | 63.9% | |
| Substance Use (in months) | |||
| Lifetime use – AUDa | 377.00(225.82) | 367.62(212.04) | t(76) = .16, p = .874 |
| Lifetime use – Other SUDb | 89.07(103.24) | 136.22(144.21) | t(76) = 1.26, p = .212 |
| Longest period of abstinence – Primary AUDc | 17.46(26.27) | 43.24(40.23) | t(49) = −2.15, p <.05 * |
| Longest period of abstinence – Primary Other SUDd | 150.00(76.37) | 67.00(128.34) | t(19) = .89, p = .387 |
| Primary Substance Use Diagnosis | |||
| Alcohol use disorder | 76.5% | 62.3% | χ2 (5) = 2.97, p = .705 |
| Cannabis use disorder | 0% | 3.2% | |
| Cocaine use disorder | 17.6% | 27.9% | |
| Opioid use disorder | 5.9% | 1.6% | |
| Other substance use disorder | 0% | 3.2% | |
| Hospitalizations | |||
| # of lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations | 1.12(3.22) | 3.64(7.69) | t(76) = −1.32, p = .192 |
| # of lifetime drug/alcohol hospitalizations | 3.53(3.56) | 10.31(18.49) | t(72.214) = −2.69, p<.01 ** |
| # of times participated in intensive drug/alcohol treatment programs | 3.12(3.71) | 5.05(5.87) | t(76) = −1.29, p = .203 |
| Psychological Functioning | |||
| BASIS-24 total | 1.00(.59) | 1.04(.74) | t(76) = −.23, p = .820 |
| Functioning subscale | 1.10(.80) | 1.14(.10) | t(76) = −.16, p = .875 |
| Interpersonal problems subscale | 1.16(.87) | 1.12(.96) | t(76) = .16, p = .872 |
| Psychotic symptoms subscale | .37(.59) | .62(.85) | t(76) = −1.12, p = .267 |
| Alcohol/drug use subscale | .95(.76) | 1.04(.88) | t(76) = −.38, p = .704 |
| Emotional lability subscale | 1.38(1.04) | 1.42(1.14) | t(76) = −.13, p = .897 |
| Self-harm subscale | .06(.24) | .08(.36) | t(76) = −.20, p = .841 |
| RSES Self-esteem | 21.12(5.36) | 19.89(7.02) | t(76) = .67, p = .505 |
| NGSES Self-efficacy | 4.29(.56) | 4.28(.68) | t(76) = .08, p = .938 |
| WHOQOL-BREF Physical health | 65.88(18.80) | 66.20(21.44) | t(76) = −.06, p = .956 |
| WHOQOL-BREF Psychological health | 66.82(19.51) | 67.95(22.45) | t(76) = −.19, p = .851 |
| WHOQOL-BREF Social relationships | 55.41(24.38) | 57.11(26.97) | t(76) = −.24, p = .815 |
| WHOQOL-BREF Environment | 63.06(17.23) | 69.18(17.84) | t(76) = −1.26, p = .211 |
| WHODAS global disability | 9.88(6.72) | 11.48(9.17) | t(76) = −.67, p = .507 |
| PEG-3 | 2.92(2.59) | 2.02(2.10) | t(21) = .90, p = .379 |
| Psychiatric Diagnosis | |||
| Bipolar Disorder | 7.1% | 16.3% | χ2 (6) = 6.00, p = .423 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 11.8% | 1.6% | |
| Major Depressive Disorder | 29.5% | 24.3% | |
| Panic Disorder | 0% | 3.3% | |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | 23.5% | 24.6% | |
| Schizoaffective Disorder/Schizophrenia | 14.3% | 4.7% | |
| Any Psychiatric Disorder | 82.4% | 70.5% | χ2 (1) = .95, p = .330 |
| Anti-Social Personality Disorder | 11.8% | 19.7% | χ2 (1) = .56, p = .452 |
| Self-Reported Medical Conditions | |||
| Medical illness that impairs ability to work | 5.9% | 36.1% | χ2 (1) = 5.83, p <.05* |
| Diagnosed pain condition | 58.8% | 59.0% | χ2 (1) = .03, p = .864 |
| Previous Work Participation | |||
| Previously participated in IWT | 5.9% | 27.9% | χ2 (1) = 3.62, p = .057+ |
| Previously participated in CWT | 29.4% | 36.1% | χ2 (1) = .26, p = .610 |
| Previously participated in supportive employment | 0% | 23.0% | χ2 (1) = 4.76, p < .05* |
| Previously participated in other work therapy services | 5.9% | 9.8% | χ2 (1) = .254, p = .614 |
| Stable Housing – Past 90 Days | |||
| Yes | 82.4% | 77.0% | χ2 (1) = .22, p = .639 |
| Financial | |||
| Receiving compensation for disability (SSI, SSDI, SC) | 64.7% | 72.1% | χ2 (1) = .35, p = .553 |
| Service Connection Percentage | 53.33(41.23) | 58.26(36.90) | t(41) = −.35, p = .730 |
| Employment (past 3 years) | |||
| Full-time competitive | 29.4% | 21.3% | χ2 (4) = 1.23, p = .873 |
| Part-time competitive | 35.3% | 31.1% | |
| Irregular/part-time/odd jobs | 5.9% | 11.5% | |
| Unemployed | 29.4% | 34.4% | |
| Student training program | 0% | 1.6% | |
| Retired from employment | 5.9% | 41.0% | χ2 (1) = 7.37, p < .01** |
Note.
+
p<.10.
*
p<.05.
**
p<.01.
For substance use variables assessing longest period of abstinence, analyses were conducted for Veterans who had a primary substance use diagnosis for that particular substance (i.e., longest period of abstinence from alcohol was assessed for Veterans who had a primary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder). Thus, sample sizes for each analysis vary.
a
N = 78.
b
N = 21 – 67.
c
N = 51.
d
N = 23.