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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc Health. 2025 Aug 21;77(4):643–650. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.06.017

Table 2.

Piecewise multilevel regression of mean loneliness score associated with survey year

Time period Crude model Beta estimate (95% CI)1 Adjusted Model Beta estimate (95% CI)1,2
2000–2012 −0.009 (−0.024, 0.006) −0.007 (−0.022, 0.008)
2012–2015 0.043 (0.034, 0.052) 0.045 (0.035, 0.054)
2015–2022 0.016 (0.007, 0.024) 0.017 (0.008, 0.025)
1.

Models use piecewise multilevel linear regression with knots at the years 2012 and 2015, a random intercept for country, and weights to account for differences in country population. Model includes 1,169,308 individuals clustered within 38 countries.

2.

Estimates are adjusted for sex, maternal education, and paternal education. Maternal and paternal education are based on the International Standard Classification of Education. Levels of education are coded continuously with a range of 1–5, with higher numbers indicating higher levels of education.