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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc Health. 2025 Aug 21;77(4):643–650. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.06.017

Table 3.

Country-level, COVID-19-related correlates of mean school loneliness, 2022

Crude model Beta estimate (95% CI)1 Adjusted Model Beta estimate (95% CI)1,2
COVID-19 cumulative mortality rate1 (n=235,779, c=35) 0.002 (−0.001, 0.006) 0.002 (−0.001, 0.006)
Oxford Stringency Index1 (n=235,779, c=35) −0.001 (−0.006, 0.005) −0.001 (−0.007, 0.005)
1.

Variable is grand-mean centered. Cumulative mortality rate is calculated as the total deaths per 10,000 population that occurred from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to December 31, 2022.

2.

Estimates are adjusted for sex, maternal education, and paternal education.