Table 1.
Demographics, injury characteristics, pre-existing conditions, and hospital outcomes
| Legal Intervention Injury (Total N = 1095) | PTOS Matched Sample (Total N = 1095) | χ2 / t | p-value | Effect Size (φ, d) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M Age in years | 32.32 | 32.32 | |||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1055 (96.35%) | 773 (70.59%) | 263.19 | < .001 *** | .35 |
| Race Data Missing | 46 (4.20%) | 44 (4.02%) | .05 | .832 | |
| White | 447 (40.82%) | 829 (75.71%) | 273.96 | < .001*** | .35 |
| Black | 556 (50.78%) | 186 (16.99) | 278.90 | < .001*** | .36 |
| Asian | 5 (.46%) | 6 (.55%) | Not calculated; low frequencies | - | |
| Other Race | 41 (3.74%) | 30 (2.74%) | 1.75 | .19 | |
| Ethnicity Data Missing* | 605 (55.1%) | 609 (55.62%) | .06 | .81 | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 48 (4.37%) | 36 (3.29%) | 1.73 | .19 | |
| Primary Payor Class Data Missing | 166 (15.16%) | 164 (14.98%) | .01 | .91 | |
| Medicaid Indemnity | 235 (21.46%) | 126 (11.51%) | 39.35 | < .001*** | .13 |
| Medicaid Managed Care | 173 (15.80%) | 89 (8.13%) | 30.56 | < .001*** | .12 |
| Self-Pay | 233 (21.28%) | 128 (11.69%) | 36.56 | < .001*** | .13 |
| Commercial Insurer Indemnity | 68 (6.21%) | 228 (20.82%) | 99.94 | < .001*** | .21 |
| Commercial Insurer Managed Care | 124 (11.32%) | 117 (10.68%) | .23 | .63 | |
| Other Third Party | 29 (2.65%) | 198 (18.08%) | 140.24 | < .001*** | .25 |
| PEC Data Missing | 262 (23.93%) | 200 (18.26) | 10.64 | < .001*** | .07 |
| No PEC | 446 (40.73%) | 635 (57.99%) | 65.22 | < .001*** | .17 |
| Psychiatric Disorders | 139 (12.69%) | 109 (9.95%) | 4.09 | .04* | .04 |
| Alcohol or Substance Use | 166 (15.16%) | 114 (10.41) | 11.07 | < .001*** | .07 |
| Comorbid Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders | 82 (7.49%) | 37 (3.38%) | 17.99 | < .001*** | .09 |
| BAC Data Missing | 375 (34.25%) | 313 (28.58) | 8.17 | .004** | .06 |
| BAC Legally Intoxicated | 219 (20%) | 361 (32.97) | 47.28 | < .001*** | .15 |
| Drug Screen Data Missing | 97 (8.86%) | 119 (10.87%) | 2.49 | .16 | |
| Not Tested for Drug Use | 447 (40.82%) | 485 (44.29%) | 2.70 | .10 | |
| Drug Screen Positive | 349 (31.87) | 263 (24.02%) | 16.75 | < .001*** | .09 |
| Injury Severity | |||||
| Neurotrauma | 435 (39.73%) | 1095 (100%) | 944.19 | < .001*** | .66 |
| M GCS Score | 12.10 | 12.77 | 3.15 | .002** | .15 |
| M ISS | 13.86 | 14.79 | 1.74 | .08 | |
| M ICU Days | 2.23 | 2.35 | .46 | .64 | |
| Deceased in hospital | 132 (12.05%) | 49 (4.47%) | 41.49 | < .001*** | .14 |
Note: φ = phi coefficient. d = Cohen’s d. M = mean. T-tests implemented Welch’s Two Sample t-test. χ2 = Pearson’s chi-squared test.
*
Due to the proportions of missingness for the Ethnicity variable, estimates for patients of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity are likely underestimated. GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale. ISS = Injury Severity Score.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001. t-tests, rather than chi-square, were used to compare injury severity characteristics.