Table 1. Basic information of included studies.

Author	Year of publication	Country	Study design	Participants	Sample size	Theory
Norman [15]	2005	Canada	RCTa	Teenagers	1389	N/Ab
Xie [16]	2011	United States	Quasi-experimental	Older people (aged ≥60 years)	124	N/A
Xie [17]	2011	United States	Quasi-experimental	Older people (aged ≥60 years)	146	N/A
Xie [18]	2012	United States	Quasi-experimental	Older people (aged ≥60 years)	146	N/A
Mitsuhashi [19]	2018	Japan	RCT	Adults (aged 20–59 years)	282	N/A
Carroll et al [20]	2019	United States	RCT	Persons living with HIV	360	Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior model
Nokes and Reyes [21]	2019	United States	Quasi-experimental	Persons living with HIV	100	N/A
Nahm et al [22]	2019	United States	RCT	Older adults with chronic illnesses (aged ≥50 years)	272	Self-efficacy theory
Redfern et al [23]	2020	Australia	RCT	Patients with or at risk of cardiovascular disease	891	N/A
Lotto et al [24]	2020	Brazil	RCT	Parents of low socioeconomic preschoolers	208	N/A
Güvenc et al [25]	2020	Turkey	RCT	Youth with epilepsy and parents	70	N/A
Hyman et al [26]	2020	Canada	Quasi-experimental	Intermediate elementary students	245	N/A
Xu [27]	2021	China	Quasi-experimental	Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus	41	N/A
Jiang [28]	2021	China	Quasi-experimental	Patients with hypertension	60	Health as expanding consciousness theory
Guo [29]	2021	China	Quasi-experimental	High-risk population for stroke	229	Ecology of Health, Self-Determination Theory
Sanders et al [30]	2021	United States	RCT	Persons living with HIV	359	N/A
Zhou [31]	2022	China	Quasi-experimental	Postpartum women	152	N/A
Li [32]	2022	China	Quasi-experimental	Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	114	Behavior Change Wheel theory
Alt et al [33]	2022	Israel	Quasi-experimental	Undergraduate students (third year)	113	N/A
Chang et al [34]	2022	South Korea	Quasi-experimental	Older people (aged ≥65 years)	46	IMBc theory
Spindler et al [35]	2022	Denmark	RCT	Patients with heart failure	97	N/A
Parker et al [36]	2022	Australia	RCT	Patients with overweight and obesity attending primary care	215	N/A
Liu [37]	2023	China	Quasi-experimental	Women at high risk of primary osteoporosis	80	Health Promotion Model
Yang [38]	2023	China	Quasi-experimental	Older hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (aged ≥60 years)	82	IMB theory
Yu [39]	2023	China	RCT	Young and middle-aged patients with stroke (aged 18–54 years)	58	Transactional Model of eHealth Literacy
Dimitri et al [40]	2023	Australia	Quasi-experimental	Health care professionals	31	N/A
Son and Han [41]	2023	South Korea	Cluster randomized controlled trial	Multicultural families with young children	101	ADDIEd model
Roh and Won [42]	2023	South Korea	Quasi-experimental	Female college students	120	N/A
Son and Kim [43]	2023	South Korea	Quasi-experimental	Patients with heart failure	26	ADDIE model
Vazquez et al [44]	2023	United States	Quasi-experimental	Older people (aged ≥60 years)	466	N/A
Guo et al [45]	2023	China	Quasi-experimental	Patients with diabetes	132	N/A
Son et al [46]	2023	South Korea	Quasi-experimental	Patients with heart failure	100	IMB theory
Kang and You [47]	2023	South Korea	Quasi-experimental	Parents with children younger than 6 years of age	61	N/A
Hu [48]	2024	China	Quasi-experimental	Older patients with stroke (aged ≥60 years)	76	Information ecology theory
Intarakamhang et al [49]	2024	Thailand	Quasi-experimental	working-age people with risk factors for noncommunicable diseases	200	N/A

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bN/A: not applicable.

^cIMB: Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills.

^dADDIE: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.