Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 16.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2025 Jan 16;382:117694. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117694

Table 1.

Distributions of participant characteristics and study variables within the total analytic sample.

Participant Characteristic Total Analytic Sample
(n=3,126)

Social Identity and Demographic Variables
Ethnic and Racial Social Identity, n (%)
 Hispanic, Any Race 468 (15.4)
 Non-Hispanic Asian 183 (6.0)
 Non-Hispanic Black 376 (12.4)
 Non-Hispanic White 1918 (63.0)
 Non-Hispanic Other Racial Identity 30 (1.0)
 Non-Hispanic Multiple Racial Identities
  Missing n=83
68 (2.2)
Age, M (SD)
  Missing n=4
51.1 (18.3)
Gender Identity, n (%)
 Woman 3092 (99.2)
 Transgender Woman 0 (0.0)
 Other 24 (0.8)
Missing n=10
Female Sex Assigned at Birth, n (%)
  Missing n=0
3126 (100.0)
Cisgender Female, n (%)
  Missing n=10
3092 (99.2)
Language(s) Spoken at Home, n (%)
 English 3042 (98.2)
 Spanish 298 (9.6)
 Another Language
  Missing n=27
133 (4.3)
Socioeconomic Position Variables
Education, n (%)
 High school/GED or less 413 (13.3)
 Some college or vocational training 512 (16.5)
 Vocational or associate degree 396 (12.8)
 Bachelor’s degree 1003 (32.4)
 Graduate degree after college
  Missing n=30
772 (24.9)
Income Relative to Household Size b
Percent FPL, M (SD)
  Missing n=657
452.2 (322.7)
Percent FPL, Categorical, n (%)
 At or below 100% 251 (10.2)
 At or below 200%, above 100% 357 (14.5)
 At or below 300%, above 200% 361 (14.6)
 At or below 400%, above 300% 254 (10.3)
 At or below 500%, above 400% 346 (14.0)
 At or below 600%, above 500% 157 (6.4)
 At or below 700%, above 600% 272 (11.0)
 At or below 800%, above 700% 116 (4.7)
 Above 800% 355 (14.4)
  Missing n=657
Insurance Coverage & Type, n (%)
 No health insurance 124 (4.0)
 Medicaid only 202 (6.5)
 Medicare without supplemental health insurance 250 (8.0)
 Medicare with supplemental health insurance besides Medicaid 395 (12.7)
 Medicare and Medicaid 81 (2.6)
 Tricare, other military health care, VA health care, or IHS (with or without supplemental health insurance) 26 (0.8)
 Private health insurance 1892 (60.8)
 Other
  Missing n=15
141 (4.5)
Usual Source of Health Care, Illness, n (%)
  Missing n=15
Usual Source of Health Care, Prevention, n (%)
  Missing n=17
2960 (95.1)
2992 (96.2)
Parity
Overall Parity, M (SD)
  Missing n=66
1.2 (1.5)
Vaginal Parity, M (SD)
  Missing n=65
1.0 (1.4)
Comorbid Conditions
BMI of 30 or above, n (%)
  Missing n=195
994 (33.9)
Hypertension, n (%)
  Missing n=12
1046 (33.6)
Diabetes, n (%)
  Missing n=30
349 (11.3)
Kidney Failure, n (%)
  Missing n=97
37 (1.2)
Neurologic Disease, n (%) c
  Missing n=84
377 (12.4)
Outcome Variables, M (SD)
LURN SI-10 Score
  Missing n=22
5.5 (5.1)
PLUS Global Bladder Health Scale
  Missing n=9
67.9 (20.1)
Impact of Bladder Health Status
 Social and Occupational Impact
  Missing n=15
90.2 (15.7)
 Physical Activity Impact
  Missing n=24
83.6 (24.5)
 Travel Impact
  Missing n=13
81.2 (19.7)
 Emotional Impact
  Missing n=10
82.7 (21.6)
a

Other gender identities included “man,” “non-binary,” “transgender man,” “queer,” “gender non-binary/gender nonconforming,” “agender,” “bigender,” and “other.”

b

Household size among the total sample ranged between 1 and 10, with a median household size of 2.

c

Neurologic disease includes the following conditions: history of neurogenic bladder; stroke or cerebrovascular accident; TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack), mini-stroke, or warning stroke; multiple sclerosis; Parkinson’s disease; brain or spinal cord injury, including traumatic brain injury; spina bifida; spinal stenosis, spinal disc disease, spinal nerve damage, or sciatica; or mild cognitive impairment or memory loss.