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. 2025 Jul 26;9:864–884. doi: 10.1162/opmi.a.7

Table 1. .

Rating results

(a) One-sample t tests (against 3)
Experiment Attribute Mean SE t (20) p Cohen’s d
1–2 Object 4.76 0.12 14.98 <.001 3.27
Stuff 4.19 0.26 4.86 <.001 1.06
3 Solid 4.33 0.22 7.68 <.001 1.68
Airy 1.95 0.29 −5.22 <.001 −1.14
(b) Paired-samples t tests
Experiment Attribute t (20) p Cohen’s d
1–2 object-stuff 3.23 0.004 0.705
3 solid-airy 9.07 <.001 1.979