Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 15;2025:6630254. doi: 10.1155/tsm2/6630254

Table 1.

Participant characteristics among included runners distributed across exposure groups based on use of running equipment.

Variable Total
n = 7347
No equipment
n = 4285
Ankle brace
n = 29
Knee brace
n = 114
Ankle tape
n = 38
Knee tape
n = 38
Insoles
n = 697
Compression socks
n = 737
Jogging stroller
n = 57
Backpack
n = 457
Multi-use
n = 836
Uncertain
n = 20
Uncertain + equipment
n = 39
Mean age (SD), years1 46.4 (10.5) 46.4 (10.6) 45.2 (11.3) 48.4 (10.5) 48.2 (10.2) 47.7 (11.7) 49.4 (11.0) 45.7 (10.0) 37.2 (4.5) 43.9 (9.4) 45.7 (10.1) 45.7 (10.9) 44.2 (9.2)
Gender, n (%)
 Female 1636 (22%) 903 (21%) 13 (45%) 25 (22%) 11 (29%) 12 (32%) 186 (27%) 142 (19%) 19 (33%) 100 (22%) 219 (26%) 2 (10%) 4 (10%)
 Male 5711 (78%) 3382 (79%) 16 (55%) 89 (78%) 27 (71%) 26 (68%) 511 (73%) 595 (81%) 38 (67%) 357 (78%) 617 (74%) 18 (90%) 35 (90%)
Median BMI (IQR), kg/m2 24.06 (4.29) 24.02 (4.19) 24.77 (6.28) 24.85 (4.78) 24.24 (4.78) 24.57 (4.98) 23.95 (4.20) 24.22 (4.43) 22.91 (3.63) 23.84 (4.28) 24.13 (4.44) 23.21 (5.77) 24.34 (5.30)
Median cumulative kilometers (IQR) 238.76 (715.2) 255.11 (742.3) 68.42 (384.8) 96.80 (464.3) 120.19 (387.6) 98.57 (292.5) 217.06 (645.1) 204.54 (632.9) 404.82 (836.6) 417.14 (910.2) 196.06 (620.5) 261.38 (609.9) 157.08 (567.0)
Injury, n (%) 3713 (51%) 2048 (48%) 14 (48%) 59 (52%) 27 (71%) 21 (55%) 418 (60%) 375 (51%) 18 (32%) 250 (55%) 463 (55%) 5 (25%) 15 (38%)
Running experience, n (%)2
 0–5 years 1951 (27%) 1121 (26%) 6 (21%) 39 (35%) 9 (24%) 12 (32%) 142 (21%) 234 (32%) 11 (19%) 129 (28%) 228 (28%) 8 (40%) 12 (32%)
 5–10 years 1915 (26%) 1129 (27%) 6 (21%) 24 (21%) 10 (26%) 12 (32%) 147 (21%) 189 (26%) 13 (23%) 138 (30%) 231 (28%) 6 (30%) 10 (26%)
 More than 10 years 3428 (47%) 2009 (47%) 16 (58%) 49 (44%) 19 (50%) 14 (36%) 401 (58%) 309 (42%) 33 (58%) 189 (42%) 367 (44%) 6 (30%) 16 (42%)
Previous problem, n (%)3
 No previous problem 3374 (46%) 2218 (52%) 9 (31%) 30 (27%) 2 (5%) 8 (21%) 265 (38%) 295 (40%) 29 (51%) 216 (48%) 278 (33%) 8 (40%) 16 (43%)
 Yes 3934 (54%) 2047 (48%) 20 (69%) 83 (73%) 36 (95%) 30 (79%) 429 (62%) 436 (60%) 28 (49%) 238 (52%) 654 (67%) 12 (60%) 21 (57%)

Abbreviations: IQR = interquartile range, n = number, and SD = standard deviation.

1Missing values: total—12, no equipment—7, ankle brace—1, insoles—1, and multi-use—3.

2Missing values: total—53, no equipment—26, ankle brace—1, knee brace—2, insoles—7, compression socks—5, backpack—1, multi-use—10, and uncertain + equipment—1.

3Missing values: total—39, no equipment—20, knee brace—1, insoles—3, compression socks—6, backpack—3, multi-use—4, and uncertain + equipment—2.