Table 1.

Clinical and pathological features of natural, fatal CDV infections in free-ranging black-tufted marmosets.

NHP	Clinical presentation and evolution	Pathological features
		Gross	Histopathology
1	Lethargy and ataxia; died without treatment	Skin: scabs around the nose and ulcers on the upper lip Lungs: heavy and diffusely reddish Spleen: severe enlargement	Skin: multifocal areas of erosion, ulceration, forming vesicles Tongue: multifocal areas of erosion, forming vesicles, mild multifocal lymphoplasmacytic glossitis Lungs: interstitial pneumonia and mild bronchiolar necrosis with syncytial cells Spleen: white pulp necrosis Inclusion bodies: hepatic bile ducts, gastric, tongue, skin, bronchiolar, gallbladder, renal pelvis, and urinary bladder epithelium
2	Stupor, amaurosis, seizures, ulcers, and vesicles on the facial skin and tongue, dying within 1 day despite treatment	Skin: severe rashes, ulcers, and thickening of the nasal skin, periorbital area, and oral mucocutaneous junction Tongue: erosion and white plaques on the ventral and dorsal surface Lungs: heavy, firm, wet, partially collapsed with dark red mottled areas of predominately cranioventral consolidation Spleen: severe enlargement	Skin: multifocal areas of erosion, ballooning degeneration Tongue: multifocal areas of erosion, hyperkeratosis, mild multifocal lymphoplasmacytic glossitis, and ballooning degeneration Lungs: suppurative bronchopneumonia, edema, interstitial pneumonia with syncytial cells, and bronchiolar necrosis. Spleen: white pulp necrosis. Inclusion bodies: hepatic bile ducts, renal pelvis, tongue, skin urinary bladder and mucocutaneous boundary epithelium
3	Lethargy; lesions on the facial skin and tongue similar to NHP 2, and died during clinical evaluation	Skin: severe rashes, ulcers, and scabs on the nose, periorbital area, and oral mucocutaneous junction Tongue: discrete multifocal erosion and white plaques on the ventral and dorsal surface Lungs: heavy, firm, wet, partially collapsed with dark red mottled areas of predominately cranioventral consolidation Spleen and submandibular lymph nodes: severe enlargement	Skin: multifocal areas of erosion, focally extensive ulcerative dermatitis, scabs, and hyperkeratosis Mucocutaneous boundary: scabs, hyperkeratosis Tongue: multifocal areas of erosion, hyperkeratosis, mild multifocal lymphoplasmacytic glossitis, and ballooning degeneration Lungs: suppurative bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia with syncytial cells, and bronchiolar necrosis Heart: microabscess with myriad bacteria Spleen: white pulp necrosis Lymph nodes: lymphoid depletion and rare syncytial cells Inclusion bodies: hepatic bile ducts, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, skin, mucocutaneous boundary, tongue bronchiolar and endometrial epithelium
4	Lethargy and ataxia; died without treatment	Skin: severe rashes, ulcers, and scabs on the nose, periorbital area, and mouth mucocutaneous junction Tongue: focally extensive erosion. Lungs: heavy, firm, wet, partially collapsed with dark red mottled areas of predominately cranioventral consolidation Spleen: severe enlargement	Skin: multifocal areas of erosion, focally extensive ulcerative dermatitis, ballooning degeneration, hyperkeratosis Mucocutaneous boundary: scabs, hyperkeratosis Tongue: epidermal necrosis, hyperkeratosis, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic glossitis, and ballooning degeneration Lungs: suppurative bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia with syncytial cells, and bronchiolar necrosis Heart: suppurative myocarditis with myriad bacteria Spleen: white pulp necrosis Inclusion bodies: hepatic bile ducts, renal pelvis, urinary bladder skin, mucocutaneous boundary, tongue bronchiolar, granulosa cells and endometrial epithelium
5	Lethargy and facial skin lesions; died within 3 days without treatment	Skin: rashes mainly around oral mucocutaneous junction. Tongue: erosion and white plaques on the dorsal surface Lungs: dark red mottled areas of predominately cranioventral consolidation Spleen: severe enlargement	Skin and mucocutaneous boundary: multifocal areas of erosion, ulceration, pustules, scabs and ballooning degeneration Tongue: multifocal areas of erosion, pustules, hyperkeratosis, mild multifocal lymphoplasmacytic glossitis and ballooning degeneration Lungs: suppurative bronchopneumonia, edema with syncytial cells and bronchiolar necrosis Spleen: white pulp necrosis Inclusion bodies: hepatic bile ducts, renal pelvis, urinary bladder skin, mucocutaneous boundary, tongue bronchiolar and endometrial epithelium