Table 1.
Study and participants characteristic of the included studies.
| References | Country | Sample size | Age (mean ± SD) | Gender (male/female) | Comorbid disease | Type of CBT | Type of control | Intervention duration | Intervention frequency | Follow-up time point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [45] | Netherland | 110 | 45.6 ± 9.9 | 44/66 | — | g-CBT | TAU | 12 wk | Once per wk | 6, 12 months |
|
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| [46] | Hong Kong | 132 | <70 | — | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | g-CBT | TAU | 3 months | Once per wk | 3 months |
|
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| [43] | Germany | 406 | 45 ± 11.9 | 106/300 | — | i-CBT | Internet-PsyE | 6 wk | Once or twice per wk | 6 months |
|
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| [44] | Germany | 406 | 45 ± 11.9 | 106/300 | — | i-CBT | Internet-PsyE | 6 wk | Once or twice per wk | 12 months |
|
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| [47] | China and Hong Kong | 708 | i-CBT: 21.9 ± 2 HE: 22.2 ± 1.9 |
i-CBT: 152/202 HE: 149/205 |
Insomnia | i-CBT | HE | 6 wk | Once per wk | 6, 12 months |
|
| ||||||||||
| [48] | United States of America | 87 | g-CBT: 14.4 ± 1.4 TAU: 14.7 ± 1.5 |
g-CBT: 16/24 TAU: 15/32 |
— | g-CBT | TAU | — | 15 sessions | 12, 24 months |
| [49] | Germany | 204 | 44.2 ± 11.7 | 40/164 | — | i-CBT | WL | 7 wk | Once or twice per wk | 3 months |
|
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| [50] | Japan | 118 | — | 92/26 | — | t-CBT + EAP | WL + EAP | 4 months | 8 sessions | 8 months |
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| [13] | Germany | 214 | 43.3 ± 13.3 | 93/121 | Type 2 diabetes | g-CBT | HE | — | 5 sessions | 6, 12 months |
|
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| [51] | Japan | 762 | i-CBT: 38 ± 9.2 HE: 37.2 ± 8.8 |
iCBT: 325/56 HE: 314/67 |
— | i-CBT | HE | 6 wk | Once per wk | 3, 6 months |
|
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| [52] | Poland | 81 | i-CBT: 26.6 ± 5.1 PsyE: 24.8 ± 4.0 |
i-CBT:11/29 PsyE: 29/10 |
— | i-CBT | PsyE | 2 wk | — | 1 month |
|
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| [53] | China | 315 | 71.6 ± 7.8 | 100/215 | — | 1. i-CBT 2. g-CBT |
WL | 5 wk | Once per wk | 6, 12 months |
|
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| [54] | Canada | 43 | 81.1 ± 6.8 | 10/33 | — | g-CBT | TAU | 7 wk | Twice per wk | 3, 6 months |
|
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| [55] | Australia | 53 | i-CBT: 28.6 ± 10.1 WL: 26.9 ± 11.5 |
iCBT: 11/19 WL: 8/15 |
Experience anxiety and depression | i-CBT | WL | 17 wk | — | 3 months |
|
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| [56] | United States of America | 41 | g-CBT: 24.8 ± 4.2 TAU: 25 ± 4.7 |
g-CBT: 0/21 TAU: 0/20 |
Postpartum women | g-CBT | TAU | 12 wk | Once per wk | 3, 6, 12 months |
|
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| [14] | Croatia | 209 | g-CBT: 57.7 ± 6.2 PE: 58.5 ± 4.8 EUC: 58.2 ± 5.6 |
g-CBT: 34/40 PE: 29/37 EUC: 33/36 |
Type 2 diabetes | g-CBT | 1. PE 2. EUC |
6 wk | Once per wk | 6, 12 months |
|
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| [15] | Germany | 295 | i-CBT: 51.7 ± 8.5 TAU: 53.9 ± 6.7 |
i-CBT: 60/89 TAU: 51/95 |
— | i-CBT | TAU | 9 wk | 6 session and 3 optional modules | 6, 12 months |
|
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| [57] | Netherland | 292 | i-CBT: 55 ± 4.9 g-CBT: 54 ± 3.9 WL: 55 ± 5 |
i-CBT: 33/69 g-CBT: 36/63 WL: 41/59 |
— | 1. i-CBT 2. g-CBT |
WL | 8 wk 10 wk |
Once per wk | — |
|
| ||||||||||
| [42] | Netherland | 70 | in-CBT: 18.62 (4.27) CG: 17.69 (4.82) |
22/48 | Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | In-CBT | regular medical consultations | 3 months | Once per wk | 6, 12 months |
|
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| [58] | Japan | 846 | i-CBT: 41.3 ± 12.5 Sham: 42.5 ± 11.7 |
i-CBT: 130/294 Sham: 130/292 |
— | i-CBT | Sham Treatment | 4 wk | — | 1 month |
|
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| [59] | Spain | 133 | g-CBT: 23.9 ± 5.4 RT: 22.5 ± 3.1 |
g-CBT: 14/56 RT: 10/53 |
— | g-CBT | RT | 8 wk | Once per wk | 3, 6 months |
|
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| [60] | Netherland | 216 | in-CBT: 39.4 ± 11.4 TAU: 41.8 ± 11.2 |
in-CBT: 36/71 TAU: 37/72 |
— | in-CBT | TAU | 14 wk | — | 12 months |
|
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| [61] | China | 268 | i-CBT: 39.9 ± 13.5 in-CBT: 43.7 ± 14.2 WL: 40.4 ± 12.1 |
i-CBT: 31/60 in-CBT: 28/57 WL: 31/61 |
— | 1. i-CBT 2. in-CBT |
WL | 5 wk | Once per wk | 6 months |
|
| ||||||||||
| [62] | Germany and Switzerland | 566 | in-CBT: 40.6 ± 14.3 i-CBT: 38.7 ± 13.7 WL: 41.1 ± 14.0 |
in-CBT: 46/140 i-CBT: 55/134 WL: 55/136 |
Subclinical anxiety | 1. in-CBT 2. i-CBT |
WL | — | — | 6, 12 months |
Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; EUC, enhanced usual care; g-CBT, group cognitive behavioral therapy; HE, health education; i-CBT, internet cognitive behavioral therapy; i-PST, internet problem-solving therapy; in-CBT, individual cognitive behavioral therapy; PE, physical exercise; PsyE, psychoeducation; RT, relaxation training; t-CBT, telephone cognitive behavioral therapy; TAU, treatment as usual; wk, weeks; WL, waitlist.