. 2025 Aug 15;2025:5294835. doi: 10.1155/pedi/5294835

Table 1.

Participant demographics by diabetes status.

Characteristics	Type 1 diabetes (n = 242)	Healthy controls (n = 86)	All participants (n = 328)
Male sex	110 (45.5%)	43 (50.0%)	153 (46.6%)
Age, years	11.0 (9, 14)	11.0 (8.8, 14)	11.0 (9.0, 14.0)
Hb_A1c^a	7.8 (7.2, 8.7)	N/A	NA
z-BMI	0.69 (0.07, 1.43)	0.07 (−0.68, 1.00)	0.56 (−0.13, 1.34)
BMI classifications^b
Normal	145 (59.9%)	58 (67.4%)	203 (61.9%)
Overweight	45 (18.6%)	9 (10.5%)	54 (16.5%)
Obese	51 (21.1%)	9 (10.5%)	60 (18.3%)

Note: Median (IQR) reported for quantitative variables and absolute (%) for categorical variables.

^aHb_A1c not available for 1 participant with type 1 diabetes; Hb_A1c not collected for the control group.

^bz-BMI calculated based on WHO classifications are not available for 11 participants (1 in T1D group and 10 in control group); overweight: 85th–<95th percentile; Obese ≥95th percentile [18, 19].